光通信知识基本介绍

光通信基本知识


一、传输网基础知识

比如电话网、电视网、计算机网络等都包括在业务网中,支撑网主要为通信网络提供时钟和信令协议,传输网是各个节点连通的基础。

二、传输网的架构

  • 传输网架构灵活。不同应用场景组网架构不同
  • 电信运营商有传输网,电力、石油等行业企业也有自己专门的传输网
  • 运营商传输网按地理位置进行分类,可以分为两个部分:
    1.干线传输网络
    2.本地传输网络
  • 本地传输网络又分为:
    1.骨干层:负责承载汇聚侧和核心层之间的业务调度
    2.汇聚层:负责业务汇聚和上传
    3.接入层:负责接入客户侧业务

传输网分为有限传输和无线传输,(微波、卫星等),我们主要介绍有有线传输。

有线传输由传输设备和传输线路量大部分组成。

  • 常见的传输设备:PDH、SDH、WDH、PTN、OTN
  • 常见的传输线路:光缆、电缆

三、传输网的发展演进(时间顺序)

3.1 PDH(准同步数字系列,Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

PDH是一种早期的数字传输制式,20世纪80年代开始出现并迅速发展。

PDH缺点:

  1. 没有全球统一的标准
  2. 结构复杂,成本太高
  3. 维护比较困难

3.2 SDH(同步数字系列,Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH也是一种数字传输制式。它其实是光纤传输技术和智能网络技术结合的产物。

SDH的优点:

  • 网络管理能力大大增强
  • 统一的标准,统一的规范,方便不同厂家的互联互通
  • 适合大容量传输
  • 提出了自愈网的新概念,保护能力增强
  • 采用字节复接技术,使网络中上下支路信号变得十分简单

3.3 MSTP(多业务传输平台,Multi-Service Transmission Platform)

MSTP是(基于SDH的)多业务传输平台
顾名思义,MSTP的核心仍然是SDH,在SDH的基础上进行了改进。

MSTP = SDH + 以太网 + ATM

MSTP就是在SDH的基础上增加了以太网接口或ATM接口,实现IP化接口。

3.4 PTN(分组传送网,Packet Transport Network)

随着通信的发展,电信业务从打电话为主变成了上网为主,数据业务占比大幅提升。MSTP和SDH都是以电路交换(TDM)为核心,无法更好地承载数据业务(IP),所以PTN出现了。
从传输单元上看,PTN传送的最小单元是IP报文,而SDH传输的是时隙,最小单元是E1,。PTN的报文大小有弹性,而SDH的电路带宽的固定的。这就是PTN与SDH之间的最本质区别。

MPLS(多协议标签交换,Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

  • Multi-Protocol(多协议):支持多种三层协议(IP、IPv6、IPX、SNA等)
  • Label Switching(标签交换):给报文打上标签,以标签交换替代IP转发

传统IP网络中,路由技术是不可管理、不可控制的。IP逐级转发,每经过一个路由器都要进行路由查询(可能多次查找),速度缓慢,这种转发机制不适合大型网络。

而MPLS是通过事先分配好的标签,为报文建立一条标签转发通道(LSP),在通道经过的每一台设备处,只需要进行快速的标签交换即可(一次查找),从而节约了时间。

WDM(波分复用,Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

WDM就是把不同波长的光信号复用到同一根光纤中进行传输。

  • 稀疏波分复用(CWDM):波长间隔大,一般为20nm
  • 密集波分复用(DWDM):波长间隔小,小于等于0.8nm

WDM的优点:容量大,而且它可以远距离传输。
WDM的缺点:只能点对点连接,不能组成环,不能灵活调度,不能应对复杂的组网结构。
SDH可以组成环,而且管理能力很强。干脆把SDH的特性引入WDM吧,于是就有了OTN。

OTN(光传送网,Optical Trasnport Network)

OTN在WDM基础上,融合了SDH的一些优点,如丰富的OAM开销、灵活的业务调度、完善的保护方式等。

OTN对业务的调度分为

  • 光层调度(可以理解为师WDM的范畴)
  • 电层调度(可以理解为SDH的范畴)
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1 Scope 11 2 References 11 3 Terms and definitions 12 4 Abbreviations 14 5 Conventions 17 6 Optical transport network interface structure 18 6.1 Basic signal structure 19 6.1.1 OCh substructure 19 6.1.2 Full functionality OTM n.m (n ≥ 1) structure 19 6.1.3 Reduced functionality OTM nr.m and OTM 0.m structure 20 6.2 Information structure for the OTN interfaces 20 7 Multiplexing/mapping principles and bit rates 24 7.1 Mapping 26 7.2 Wavelength division multiplex 27 7.3 Bit rates and capacity 27 7.4 ODUk Time Division Multiplex 28 8 Optical transport module (OTM n.m, OTM nr.m, OTM 0.m) 30 8.1 OTM with reduced functionality (OTM 0.m, OTM nr.m, OTM-0v.m) 30 8.1.1 OTM 0.m 31 8.1.2 OTM nr.m 31 8.1.2.1 OTM 16r.m 31 8.1.2.2 OTM 32r.m 33 8.1.3 OTM 0v.m Error! Bookmark not defined. 8.2 OTM with full functionality (OTM n.m) 35 9 Physical specification of the ONNI 37 9.1 OTM 0.m 37 9.2 OTM nr.m 37 9.2.1 OTM 16r.m 37 9.2.2 OTM 32r.m 37 9.3 OTM n.m 37 9.3 OTM 0v.m Error! Bookmark not defined. 10 Optical channel (OCh) 37 10.1 OCh with full functionality (OCh) 37 10.2 OCh with reduced functionality (OChr) 38 11 Optical channel transport unit (OTU) 38 11.1 OTUk frame structure 38 11.2 Scrambling 40 12 Optical channel data unit (ODUk) 40 12.1 ODUk frame structure 40 13 Optical channel payload unit (OPUk) 41 14 OTM overhead signal (OOS) 41 15 Overhead description 41 15.1 Types of overhead 43 15.1.1 Optical channel payload unit overhead (OPUk OH) 43 15.1.2 Optical channel data unit overhead (ODUk OH) 43 15.1.3 Optical channel transport unit overhead (OTUk OH) 44 15.1.4 Optical channel non-associated overhead (OCh OH) 44 15.1.5 Optical multiplex section overhead (OMS OH) 44 15.1.6 Optical transmission section overhead (OTS OH) 44 15.1.7 General management communications overhead (COMMS OH) 44 15.2 Trail trace identifier and access point identifier definition 44 15.3 OTS OH description 46 15.3.1 OTS trail trace identifier (TTI) 46 15.3.2 OTS backward defect indication – Payload (BDI-P) 46 15.3.3 OTS backward defect indication – Overhead (BDI-O) 46 15.3.4 OTS payload missing indication (PMI) 46 15.4 OMS OH description 47 15.4.1 OMS forward defect indication – Payload (FDI-P) 47 15.4.2 OMS forward defect indication – Overhead (FDI-O) 47 15.4.3 OMS backward defect indication – Payload (BDI-P) 47 15.4.4 OMS backward defect indication – Overhead (BDI-O) 47 15.4.5 OMS payload missing indication (PMI) 47 15.5 OCh OH description 47 15.5.1 OCh forward defect indication – Payload (FDI-P) 47 15.5.2 OCh forward defect indication – Overhead (FDI-O) 47 15.5.3 OCh open connection indication (OCI) 47 15.6 OTUk/ODUk frame alignment OH description 48 15.6.1 OTUk/ODUk frame alignment overhead location 48 15.6.2 OTUk/ODUk frame alignment overhead definition 48 15.6.2.1 Frame alignment signal (FAS) 48 15.6.2.2 Multiframe alignment signal (MFAS) 48 15.7 OTUk OH description 49 15.7.1 OTUk overhead location 49 15.7.2 OTUk overhead definition 50 15.7.2.1 OTUk section monitoring (SM) overhead 50 15.7.2.1.1 OTUk SM trail trace identifier (TTI) 50 15.7.2.1.2 OTUk SM error detection code (BIP-8) 50 15.7.2.1.3 OTUk SM backward defect indication (BDI) 51 15.7.2.1.4 OTUk SM backward error indication and backward incoming alignment error (BEI/BIAE) 51 15.7.2.1.5 OTUk SM incoming alignment error overhead (IAE) 52 15.7.2.1.6 OTUk SM reserved overhead (RES) 52 15.7.2.2 OTUk general communication channel 0 (GCC0) 52 15.7.2.3 OTUk reserved overhead (RES) 52 15.7.3 OTUkV overhead 52 15.8 ODUk OH description 53 15.8.1 ODUk OH location 53 15.8.2 ODUk OH definition 54 15.8.2.1 ODUk path monitoring (PM) overhead 54 15.8.2.1.1 ODUk PM trail trace identifier (TTI) 54 15.8.2.1.2 ODUk PM error detection code (BIP-8) 54 15.8.2.1.3 ODUk PM backward defect indication (BDI) 55 15.8.2.1.4 ODUk PM backward error indication (BEI) 55 15.8.2.1.5 ODUk PM status (STAT) 56 15.8.2.2 ODUk tandem connection monitoring (TCM) overhead 56 15.8.2.2.1 ODUk TCM trail trace identifier (TTI) 58 15.8.2.2.2 ODUk TCM error detection code (BIP-8) 59 15.8.2.2.3 ODUk TCM backward defect indication (BDI) 59 15.8.2.2.4 ODUk TCM backward error indication (BEI) and backward incoming alignment error (BIAE) 59 15.8.2.2.5 ODUk TCM status (STAT) 60 15.8.2.2.6 TCM overhead field assignment 61 15.8.2.2.7 ODUk tandem connection monitoring activation/deactivation coordination protocol 62 15.8.2.3 ODUk general communication channels (GCC1, GCC2) 62 15.8.2.4 ODUk automatic protection switching and protection communication channel (APS/PCC) 62 15.8.2.5 ODUk fault type and fault location reporting communication channel (FTFL) 63 15.8.2.5.1 Forward/backward fault type indication field 63 15.8.2.5.2 Forward/backward operator identifier field 64 15.8.2.5.3 Forward/backward operator specific field 65 15.8.2.6 ODUk experimental overhead (EXP) 65 15.8.2.7 ODUk reserved overhead (RES) 65 15.9 OPUk OH description 65 15.9.1 OPUk OH location 65 15.9.2 OPUk OH definition 66 15.9.2.1 OPUk payload structure identifier (PSI) 66 15.9.2.1.1 OPUk payload type (PT) 66 15.9.2.2 OPUk mapping specific overhead 67 16 Maintenance signals 67 16.1 OTS maintenance signals 68 16.1.1 OTS payload missing indication (OTS-PMI) 68 16.2 OMS maintenance signals 68 16.2.1 OMS forward defect indication – Payload (OMS-FDI-P) 68 16.2.2 OMS forward defect indication – Overhead (OMS-FDI-O) 68 16.2.3 OMS payload missing indication (OMS-PMI) 68 16.3 OCh maintenance signals 68 16.3.1 OCh forward defect indication – Payload (OCh-FDI-P) 68 16.3.2 OCh forward defect indication – Overhead (OCh-FDI-O) 68 16.3.3 OCh open connection indication (OCh-OCI) 68 16.4 OTUk maintenance signals 68 16.4.1 OTUk alarm indication signal (OTUk-AIS) 68 16.5 ODUk maintenance signals 69 16.5.1 ODUk alarm indication signal (ODUk-AIS) 69 16.5.2 ODUk open connection indication (ODUk-OCI) 69 16.5.3 ODUk locked (ODUk-LCK) 70 16.6 Client maintenance signal 71 16.6.1 Generic AIS for constant bit rate signals 71 17 Mapping of client signals 72 17.1 Mapping of CBR2G5, CBR10G, CBR10G3 and CBR40G signals (e.g., STM-16/64/256, 10GBASE-R) into OPUk 72 17.1.1 Mapping a CBR2G5 signal (e.g., STM-16) into OPU1 74 17.1.2 Mapping a CBR10G signal (e.g., STM-64) into OPU2 75 17.1.3 Mapping a CBR40G signal (e.g. STM-256) into OPU3 75 17.1.4 Mapping a CBR10G3125 signal (e.g., 10GBASE-xR) into OPU2e 76 17.2 Mapping of ATM cell stream into OPUk 76 17.3 Mapping of GFP frames into OPUk 77 17.4 Mapping of test signal into OPUk 78 17.4.1 Mapping of a NULL client into OPUk 78 17.4.2 Mapping of PRBS test signal into OPUk 78 17.5 Mapping of a non-specific client bit stream into OPUk 79 17.5.1 Mapping bit stream with octet timing into OPUk 80 17.5.2 Mapping bit stream without octet timing into OPUk 80 17.6 Mapping of other constant bit-rate signals with justification into OPUk 80 17.7 Mapping a 1000BASE-X and FC-1200 signal via timing transparent transcoding into OPUk 80 17.7.1 Mapping a 1000BASE-X signal into OPU0 81 17.7.2 Mapping a FC-1200 signal into OPU2e 88 18 Concatenation 88 18.1 Virtual concatenation of OPUk 91 18.1.1 Virtual concatenated OPUk (OPUk-Xv, k = 1 .. 3, X = 1 .. 256) 91 18.1.2 OPUk-Xv OH description 92 18.1.2.1 OPUk-Xv OH location 92 18.1.2.2 OPUk-Xv OH definition 93 18.1.2.2.1 OPUk-Xv Payload Structure Identifier (PSI) 93 18.1.2.2.1.1 OPUk-Xv Payload Type (vcPT) 93 18.1.2.2.1.2 OPUk-Xv Payload Structure Identifier Reserved overhead (RES) 94 18.1.2.2.2 OPUk-Xv Virtual Concatenation Overhead (VCOH1/2/3) 94 18.1.2.2.2.1 OPUk-Xv Virtual Concatenation MultiFrame Indicator (MFI1, MFI2) 94 18.1.2.2.2.2 OPUk-Xv Sequence Indicator (SQ) 95 18.1.2.2.2.3 OPUk-Xv LCAS Control Words (CTRL) 95 18.1.2.2.2.4 OPUk-Xv LCAS Member Status Field (MST) 95 18.1.2.2.2.5 OPUk-Xv LCAS Group Identification (GID) 95 18.1.2.2.2.6 OPUk-Xv LCAS Re-Sequence Acknowledge (RS-Ack) 95 18.1.2.2.2.7 OPUk-Xv LCAS Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 96 18.1.2.2.2.8 OPUk-Xv VCOH Reserved Overhead 96 18.1.2.2.3 OPUk Mapping Specific Overhead 96 18.2 Mapping of client signals 96 18.2.1 Mapping of CBR signals (e.g., STM-64/256) into OPUk-4v 96 18.2.1.1 Mapping a CBR10G signal (e.g. STM-64) into OPU1-4v 97 18.2.1.2 Mapping a CBR40G signal (e.g. STM-256) into OPU2-4v 98 18.2.2 Mapping of CBR signals (e.g., STM-256) into OPUk-16v 98 18.2.2.1 Mapping a CBR40G signal (e.g., STM-256) into OPU1-16v 100 18.2.3 Mapping of ATM cell stream into OPUk-Xv 101 18.2.4 Mapping of GFP frames into OPUk-Xv 102 18.2.5 Mapping of test signal into OPUk-Xv 102 18.2.5.1 Mapping of a NULL client into OPUk-Xv 102 18.2.5.2 Mapping of PRBS test signal into OPUk-Xv 103 18.2.6 Mapping of a non-specific client bit stream into OPUk-Xv 104 18.2.6.1 Mapping bit stream with octet timing into OPUk-Xv 105 18.2.6.2 Mapping bit stream without octet timing into OPUk-Xv 105 18.3 LCAS for virtual concatenation 105 19 Mapping ODUj signals into the ODTUjk and ODTU? signals 105 19.1 OPUk Tributary Slot definition 105 19.1.1 OPU2 Tributary Slot allocation 106 19.1.2 OPU3 Tributary Slot allocation 107 19.1.3 OPU4 Tributary Slot allocation 110 19.1.4 OPU1 Tributary Slot allocation 109 19.2 ODTUjk and ODTU? definitions 110 19.2.1 ODTU12 110 19.2.2 ODTU13 110 19.2.3 ODTU23 110 19.2.7 ODTU01 110 19.2.8 ODTU? Error! Bookmark not defined. 19.3 Multiplexing ODTUjk and ODTU? signals into the OPUk 111 19.3.1 ODTU12 mapping into one OPU2 2.5G Tributary Slot 111 19.3.2 ODTU13 mapping into one OPU3 2.5G Tributary Slot 112 19.3.3 ODTU23 mapping into four OPU3 2.5G Tributary Slots 113 19.3.4 ODTU01 mapping into one OPU1 1.25G Tributary Slot 114 19.4 OPUk Multiplex Overhead 115 19.4.1 OPUk Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) 118 19.4.1.1 OPU2 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) 119 19.4.1.2 OPU3 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) 119 19.4.1.3 OPU4 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) 120 19.4.1.4 OPU1 Multiplex Structure Identifier (MSI) Error! Bookmark not defined. 19.4.2 OPUk Payload Structure Identifier Reserved overhead (RES) 120 19.4.3 OPUk Multiplex Justification Overhead (JOH) 121 19.4.3.1 Asynchronous Mapping Procedure Error! Bookmark not defined. 19.4.3.2 Asynchronous Generic Mapping Procedure Error! Bookmark not defined. 19.4.4 OPU4 Multi Frame Identifier overhead (OMFI) 121 19.5 Mapping ODUj into ODTUjk 121 19.5.1 Mapping ODU1 into ODTU12 122 19.5.2 Mapping ODU1 into ODTU13 123 19.5.3 Mapping ODU2 into ODTU23 124 19.5.4 Mapping ODU0 into ODTU01 126 ODU0 into OPUk Tributary Slot Mapping Error! Bookmark not defined. 19.6 Mapping ODUj into ODTU? Error! Bookmark not defined.

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