Java Concurrency / Multithreading Tutorial

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Table of Contents
The Java synchronized Keyword
Synchronized Instance Methods
Synchronized Static Methods
Synchronized Blocks in Instance Methods
Synchronized Blocks in Static Methods
Java Synchronized Example
Java Concurrency Utilities
A Java synchronized block marks a method or a block of code as synchronized. Java synchronized blocks can be used to avoid race conditions.

The Java synchronized Keyword

Synchronized blocks in Java are marked with the synchronized keyword. A synchronized block in Java is synchronized on some object. All synchronized blocks synchronized on the same object can only have one thread executing inside them at the same time. All other threads attempting to enter the synchronized block are blocked until the thread inside the synchronized block exits the block.

The synchronized keyword can be used to mark four different types of blocks:

Instance methods
Static methods
Code blocks inside instance methods
Code blocks inside static methods
These blocks are synchronized on different objects. Which type of synchronized block you need depends on the concrete situation.

Synchronized Instance Methods

Here is a synchronized instance method:

  public synchronized void add(int value){
      this.count += value;
  }

Notice the use of the synchronized keyword in the method declaration. This tells Java that the method is synchronized.

A synchronized instance method in Java is synchronized on the instance (object) owning the method. Thus, each instance has its synchronized methods synchronized on a different object: the owning instance. Only one thread can execute inside a synchronized instance method. If more than one instance exist, then one thread at a time can execute inside a synchronized instance method per instance. One thread per instance.

Synchronized Static Methods

Static methods are marked as synchronized just like instance methods using the synchronized keyword. Here is a Java synchronized static method example:

 public static synchronized void add(int value){
      count += value;
  }

Also here the synchronized keyword tells Java that the method is synchronized.

Synchronized static methods are synchronized on the class object of the class the synchronized static method belongs to. Since only one class object exists in the Java VM per class, only one thread can execute inside a static synchronized method in the same class.

If the static synchronized methods are located in different classes, then one thread can execute inside the static synchronized methods of each class. One thread per class regardless of which static synchronized method it calls.

Synchronized Blocks in Instance Methods

You do not have to synchronize a whole method. Sometimes it is preferable to synchronize only part of a method. Java synchronized blocks inside methods makes this possible.

Here is a synchronized block of Java code inside an unsynchronized Java method:

  public void add(int value){

    synchronized(this){
       this.count += value;   
    }
  }

This example uses the Java synchronized block construct to mark a block of code as synchronized. This code will now execute as if it was a synchronized method.

Notice how the Java synchronized block construct takes an object in parentheses. In the example "this" is used, which is the instance the add method is called on. The object taken in the parentheses by the synchronized construct is called a monitor object. The code is said to be synchronized on the monitor object. A synchronized instance method uses the object it belongs to as monitor object.

Only one thread can execute inside a Java code block synchronized on the same monitor object.

The following two examples are both synchronized on the instance they are called on. They are therefore equivalent with respect to synchronization:

  public class MyClass {

    public synchronized void log1(String msg1, String msg2){
       log.writeln(msg1);
       log.writeln(msg2);
    }


    public void log2(String msg1, String msg2){
       synchronized(this){
          log.writeln(msg1);
          log.writeln(msg2);
       }
    }
  }

Thus only a single thread can execute inside either of the two synchronized blocks in this example.

Had the second synchronized block been synchronized on a different object than this, then one thread at a time had been able to execute inside each method.

Synchronized Blocks in Static Methods

Here are the same two examples as static methods. These methods are synchronized on the class object of the class the methods belong to:

  public class MyClass {

    public static synchronized void log1(String msg1, String msg2){
       log.writeln(msg1);
       log.writeln(msg2);
    }


    public static void log2(String msg1, String msg2){
       synchronized(MyClass.class){
          log.writeln(msg1);
          log.writeln(msg2);  
       }
    }
  }

Only one thread can execute inside any of these two methods at the same time.

Had the second synchronized block been synchronized on a different object than MyClass.class, then one thread could execute inside each method at the same time.

Java Synchronized Example

Here is an example that starts 2 threads and have both of them call the add method on the same instance of Counter. Only one thread at a time will be able to call the add method on the same instance, because the method is synchronized on the instance it belongs to.

  public class Counter{

     long count = 0;

     public synchronized void add(long value){
       this.count += value;
     }
  }
  public class CounterThread extends Thread{

     protected Counter counter = null;

     public CounterThread(Counter counter){
        this.counter = counter;
     }

     public void run() {
	for(int i=0; i<10; i++){
           counter.add(i);
        }
     }
  }
  public class Example {

    public static void main(String[] args){
      Counter counter = new Counter();
      Thread  threadA = new CounterThread(counter);
      Thread  threadB = new CounterThread(counter);

      threadA.start();
      threadB.start(); 
    }
  }

Two threads are created. The same Counter instance is passed to both of them in their constructor. The Counter.add() method is synchronized on the instance, because the add method is an instance method, and marked as synchronized. Therefore only one of the threads can call the add() method at a time. The other thread will wait until the first thread leaves the add() method, before it can execute the method itself.

If the two threads had referenced two separate Counter instances, there would have been no problems calling the add() methods simultaneously. The calls would have been to different objects, so the methods called would also be synchronized on different objects (the object owning the method). Therefore the calls would not block. Here is how that could look:

  public class Example {

    public static void main(String[] args){
      Counter counterA = new Counter();
      Counter counterB = new Counter();
      Thread  threadA = new CounterThread(counterA);
      Thread  threadB = new CounterThread(counterB);

      threadA.start();
      threadB.start(); 
    }
  }

Notice how the two threads, threadA and threadB, no longer reference the same counter instance. The add method of counterA and counterB are synchronized on their two owning instances. Calling add() on counterA will thus not block a call to add() on counterB.

Java Concurrency Utilities

The synchronized mechanism was Java's first mechanism for synchronizing access to objects shared by multiple threads. The synchronized mechanism isn't very advanced though. That is why Java 5 got a whole set of concurrency utility classes to help developers implement more fine grained concurrency control than what you get with synchronized