JAVA遇见HTML—Servlet篇（一.Servlet基础）

最新推荐文章于 2022-07-23 19:49:13 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-07-23 19:49:13 发布

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分类专栏： Java Web 文章标签： servlet eclipse tomcat

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Servlet概述

什么是Servlet？

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Servlet是在服务器上运行的小程序。一个Servlet就是一个Java类，并且可以通过“请求—响应”编程模型来访问的这个驻留在服务器内存里的Servlet程序。

Tomcat容器等级

Tomcat的容器分为四个等级，Servlet的容器管理Context容器，一个Context对应一个Web工程。

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使用eclipse手工编写第一个Servlet

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1.继承HttpServlet

2.重写doGet()或者doPost()方法

3.在Web.xml中注册Servlet

首先在新创建的WebProject里面，添加一个包servlet，创建一个HelloServlet的类，继承与HttpServlet。

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然后重写doGet和doPost方法

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代码示例：

HelloServlet.java类

package servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

//继承于HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {

    /**
     * 
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        System.out.println("处理Get()请求...");
        PrintWriter out =response.getWriter();
        //指定文件的输出类型
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        out.println("<strong>Hello Servlet!</strong><br>");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        System.out.println("处理Post()请求...");
        PrintWriter out =response.getWriter();
        //指定文件的输出类型
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        out.println("<strong>Hello Servlet!</strong><br>");
    }


}

web.xml文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">
  <display-name>MyFirstServletDemo</display-name>
  <welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
  </welcome-file-list>

  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <!-- 和上面的<servlet-name>是一一对应的关系 -->
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <!-- 表示名字叫做HelloServlet这个servlet的访问路径，要和界面上写的超链接一一对应 -->
    <url-pattern>/servlet/HelloServlet</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

index.jsp文件

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
   <h1>第一个Servlet小例子</h1>
   <hr>
   <a href="servlet/HelloServlet">Get方式请求HelloServlet</a><br>

   <form action="servlet/HelloServlet" method="post">
     <input type="submit" value="Post方式请求HelloServlet" />

   </form>

</body>
</html>

练习

假设在helloapp应用中有一个HelloServlet类，它在 web.xml文件中的配置如下:

 <servlet>   
  <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>    
  <servlet-class>org.javathinker.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
 </servlet>  
<servlet-mapping>   
  <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>  
  <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

那么在浏览器端访问HelloServlet的URL是什么?

答案是：http:localhost:8080:helloapp/hello

解析:
localhost是服务器主机名，也可以是IP地址127.0.0.1；8080是tomcat服务器的端口号；helloapp是web工程的上下文地址ContexRoot（一般情况下与web工程名一致）；最后是<url-pattern/>标签中的内容。

Servlet执行流程和生命周期

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生命周期：
1、初始化阶段，调用init()方法

2.响应客户请求阶段，调用service()方法。由service()方法根据提交方式选择执行doGet()或者doPost()方法。

3.终止阶段，调用destroy方法。

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问答：

编写Servlet的doPost方法时，需要抛出异常为？

编写Servlet的doPost方法时，需要抛出ServletExcpetion和IOException异常。

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
｝
    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
    }
在myeclipse中新建一个Servlet，可以看到自动生成的代码中会抛出ServletException和IOException
doGet和doPost抛出的异常类型是一样的
     * @throws ServletException if an error occurred
     * @throws IOException if an error occurred

Tomcat装载Servlet的三种情况

Servlet生命周期：

在下列时刻Servlet容器装载Servlet：

1.Servlet容器启动时，自动装载某些Servlet，实现它只需要在web.xml文件中的<Servlet></Servlet>之间添加如下代码：<loadon-startup>1</loadon-startup>数字越小表示优先级越高。

2.在Servlet容器启动后，客户首次向Servlet发送请求。

3.Servlet类文件被更新后，重新装载Servlet。

Servlet被装载后，Servlet容器创建一个Servlet实例并且调用Servlet的init()方法进行初始化。在Servlet的整个生命周期内，init()方法只被调用一次。

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代码示例：

新建ServletLifeCycleDemo工程

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TestServlet1.java文件

package servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class TestServlet1
 */
@WebServlet("/TestServlet1")
public class TestServlet1 extends HttpServlet {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public TestServlet1() {
        System.out.println("TestServlet1构造方法被执行...");
    }

    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("TestServlet1销毁方法被执行...");
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("TestServlet1的doGet()方法被执行");
        // 指定文件的输出类型
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        PrintWriter out =response.getWriter();
        out.println("<h1>您好，我是TestServlet1</h1><br>");
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        System.out.println("TestServlet1的doPost()方法被执行");
        doGet(request, response);// 让doPost()执行与doGet()相同的操作
    }

    public void init() throws ServletException{
        System.out.println("TestServlet1的初始化方法被执行");
    }

}

TestServlet2.java文件代码内容与TestServlet1，只是修改一下输出内容把1变为2

web.xml文件

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">
  <display-name>ServletLifeCycleDemo</display-name>
  <welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
  </welcome-file-list>
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet1</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>servlet.TestServlet1</servlet-class>
    <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup>
  </servlet>
   <servlet>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet2</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>servlet.TestServlet2</servlet-class>
    <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
  </servlet>

  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet1</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/servlet/TestServlet1</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet2</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/servlet/TestServlet2</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

index.jsp文件

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Servlet生命周期</h1>
  <hr>
  <a href="servlet/TestServlet1">以Get方式请求TestServlet1</a>
</body>
</html>

Servlet与JSP内置对象的对应关系

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Servlet获取表单数据

代码示例：

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Users.java类

package entity;

//用户实体类
public class Users {
    private String username;// 用户名
    private String mypassword;// 密码
    private String email;// 邮箱
    private String gender;// 性别
    private String[] favorites;// 爱好
    private boolean flag;// 是否接受协议

    public Users() {

    }

    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }
    public String getMypassword() {
        return mypassword;
    }
    public void setMypassword(String mypassword) {
        this.mypassword = mypassword;
    }
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }
    public String getGender() {
        return gender;
    }
    public void setGender(String gender) {
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public String[] getFavorites() {
        return favorites;
    }
    public void setFavorites(String[] favorites) {
        this.favorites = favorites;
    }

    public boolean isFlag() {
        return flag;
    }

    public void setFlag(boolean flag) {
        this.flag = flag;
    }

}

RegServlet.java类

package servlet;
import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import entity.Users;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class RegServlet
 */
@WebServlet("/RegServlet")
public class RegServlet extends HttpServlet {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    // private String introduce;

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public RegServlet() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {

        request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

        Users u = new Users();
        String username, mypassword, gender, email, isAccept;

        String[] favorites;

        try {

            username = request.getParameter("username");
            mypassword = request.getParameter("mypassword");
            gender = request.getParameter("gender");
            email = request.getParameter("email");

            isAccept = request.getParameter("flag");
            System.out.println(isAccept);
            // 用来获取多个复选按钮的值
            favorites = request.getParameterValues("favorites");

            u.setUsername(username);
            u.setMypassword(mypassword);
            u.setGender(gender);
            u.setEmail(email);
            u.setFavorites(favorites);

            if ("true".equals(isAccept)) {
                u.setFlag(true);
            } else {
                u.setFlag(false);
            }

            // 把注册成功的用户对象保存在session中
            request.getSession().setAttribute("regUser", u);
            // 跳转到注册成功页面
            request.getRequestDispatcher("../reginfo.jsp").forward(request, response);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // TODO: handle exception
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        doGet(request, response);
    }

}

reg.jsp文件

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
<style type="text/css">
.label {
    width: 20%
}

.controler {
    width: 80%
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/Calendar3.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户注册</h1>
    <hr>
    <form name="regForm" action="servlet/RegServlet" method="post">
        <table border="0" width="800" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
            <tr>
                <td class="lalel">用户名：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="text" name="username" /></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="label">密码：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="password" name="mypassword"></td>

            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="label">确认密码：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="password" name="confirmpass"></td>

            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="label">电子邮箱：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="text" name="email"></td>

            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="label">性别：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="radio" name="gender"
                    checked="checked" value="Male">男<input type="radio"
                    name="gender" value="Female">女</td>

            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="label">爱好：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="checkbox" name="favorite"
                    value="nba"> NBA &nbsp; <input type="checkbox"
                    name="favorite" value="music"> 音乐 &nbsp; <input
                    type="checkbox" name="favorite" value="movie"> 电影 &nbsp; <input
                    type="checkbox" name="favorite" value="internet"> 上网 &nbsp;
                </td>
            </tr>

            <tr>
                <td class="label">接受协议：</td>
                <td class="controler"><input type="checkbox" name="flag"
                    value="true">是否接受霸王条款</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="center"><input type="submit" value="注册" />&nbsp;&nbsp;
                    <input type="reset" value="取消" />&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
            </tr>
        </table>
    </form>
</body>
</html>

reginfo.jsp文件

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<%@ page import="java.text.*" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
<style type="text/css">
.title {
    width: 30%;
    background-color: #CCC;
    font-weight: bold;
}

.content {
    width: 70%;
    background-color: #CBCFE5;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户信息</h1>
    <hr>
    <center>
    <jsp:useBean id="regUser" class="entity.Users" scope="session" /> 
        <table width="600" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1">
             <tr>
                <td class="title">用户名：</td>
                <td class="content">&nbsp;<jsp:getProperty name="regUser"
                        property="username" /></td>

            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="title">密码：</td>
                <td class="content">&nbsp;<jsp:getProperty name="regUser"
                        property="mypassword" /></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="title">性别：</td>
                <td class="content">&nbsp;<jsp:getProperty name="regUser"
                        property="gender" /></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td class="title">E-mail：</td>
                <td class="content">&nbsp;<jsp:getProperty name="regUser"
                        property="email" /></td>
            </tr> 

            <tr>
                <td class="title">是否介绍协议：</td>
                <td class="content">&nbsp;<jsp:getProperty name="regUser"
                        property="flag" /></td>
            </tr> 
        </table>
    </center>
</body>
</html>

Servlet路径跳转

绝对路径：放之四海而皆准的路径
相对路径：相对于当前资源的路径

代码示例：

这里写图片描述

HelloServlet.java

package servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class HelloServlet
 */
@WebServlet("/HelloServlet")
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public HelloServlet() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        // 指定文件的输出类型
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        out.println("<h1>您好，我是HelloServlet</h1><br>");
    }

}

TestServlet.java

package servlet;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

/**
 * Servlet implementation class TestServlet
 */
@WebServlet("/TestServlet")
public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#HttpServlet()
     */
    public TestServlet() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        doPost(request, response);
    }

    /**
     * @see HttpServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
     *      response)
     */
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        // 请求重定向方式跳转到test.jsp，当前路径是ServletPathDirection/servlet/test.jsp显然是错误的
        //使用request.getContextPath获得上下文对象
        //response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/test.jsp");

        //服务器内部跳转，第一种这里的斜线表示项目的根目录
        //request.getRequestDispatcher("/test.jsp").forward(request, response);
        //第二种
        request.getRequestDispatcher("../test.jsp").forward(request, response);
    }

}

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">
  <display-name>ServletLifeCycleDemo</display-name>
  <welcome-file-list>
    <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
    <welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
  </welcome-file-list>
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>
  <servlet>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>servlet.TestServlet</servlet-class>
  </servlet>

  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/servlet/HelloServlet</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
  <servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/servlet/TestServlet</url-pattern>
  </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

index.jsp

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
    <%
      String path=request.getContextPath();
    %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Servlet路径跳转</h1>
  <hr>
 <!--  使用相对路径访问HelloServlet -->
<!--  /HelloServlet 第一个/表示服务器的根目录 -->
<a href="servlet/HelloServlet">访问HelloServlet</a><br>

<!--   使用绝对路径访问HelloServlet，可以使用path变量:path变量表示项目的根目录 -->
<a href="<%=path%>/servlet/HelloServlet">访问HelloServlet</a><br>

<!-- 表单中action的URL地址写法，与超链接方式完全相同 -->

<a href="servlet/TestServlet">访问TestServlet,跳转到test.jsp</a>
</body>
</html>

test.jsp

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
    pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
    <%
      String path=request.getContextPath();
    %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
  <h1>Test.jsp</h1>
  <hr>

</body>
</html>