四巨头GoF的《设计模式》中23种设计模式的UML图 - 1 of 4

DESIGN PATTERN SPACE

Creational: FA; Structural: CAD; Behavioral: SOT

The simplest and most common patterns: 

Abstract Factory 
Adapter 
Composite 
Decorator 
Factory Method 
Observer 
Strategy 
Template Method 

It's hard to find an object-oriented system that doesn't use at least a couple of these patterns, and large systems use nearly all of them. This subset will help you understand design patterns in particular and good object-oriented design in general

SOME COMMON CAUSES OF REDESIGN (CCOR)

Common causes of redesign	Design patterns	Abbr.
1. Creating an object by specifying a class explicitly.	Abstract Factory , Factory Method , Prototype	FAP
2. Dependence on specific operations.	Chain of Responsibility , Command	CC
3. Dependence on hardware and software platform.	Abstract Factory , Bridge	BA
4. Dependence on object representations or implementations.	Abstract Factory , Bridge , Memento , Proxy	BAPM
5. Algorithmic dependencies.	Builder , Iterator ,Strategy , Template Method , Visitor	BITVS
6. Tight coupling.	Abstract Factory , Bridge , Chain of Responsibility , Command , Facade , Mediator ,Observer	BACCOFM
7. Extending functionality by subclassing.	Bridge , Chain of Responsibility ,Composite , Decorator , Observer , Strategy	BCCDOS
8. Inability to alter classes conveniently.	Adapter , Decorator , Visitor	ADV