Ubuntu(Linux)的一些常用命令

Linux发行版家族

文件结构介绍 

 

设置apt，国内下载源

# /etc/apt/sources.list

 #阿里源
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse

 

 

查看某个端口被占用

ps aux | grep 2379

显示结果如下：

强制杀掉某个进程

kill -9 7098

显示网络的一些信息(前面最好加上sudo)

# linux
netstat -ntlp | grep 8080

# windows
netstat -ano | findstr 8080

如何启动、关闭和设置ubuntu防火墙，参考此文章 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_866c5a5d0101ihxv.html

sudo  ufw enable|disable

设置机器的主机名

hostnamectl --static set-hostname <your new hostname>

安装telnet

​apt-get install  telnet 

安装ifconfig

 ​apt-get install net-tools

安装curl

apt-get install iputils-ping -y

# 或者

apt install curl

查找某个文件

whereis nginx

查找某个命令在什么位置

type curl
# curl is /usr/bin/curl

 环境变量

# 查看环境变量
env
echo $ENV

# 设置临时环境变量，只在当前session中有效
myname=cong
echo $myname

# 设置永久环境变量，所有session中都有效。
export myname=cong
# 打开另一个bash，输入echo $myname 依然可以看到名字

查看系统的设备（mouted device）

df -h

Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
rootfs          476G  458G   18G  97% /
root            476G  458G   18G  97% /root
home            476G  458G   18G  97% /home
data            476G  458G   18G  97% /data
cache           476G  458G   18G  97% /cache
mnt             476G  458G   18G  97% /mnt
none            476G  458G   18G  97% /dev
none            476G  458G   18G  97% /run
none            476G  458G   18G  97% /run/lock
none            476G  458G   18G  97% /run/shm
none            476G  458G   18G  97% /run/user
cgroup          476G  458G   18G  97% /sys/fs/cgroup
C:\             476G  458G   18G  97% /mnt/c

查看所有的硬件(hardware), 包含CPU和内存等

lshw

lshw|less

查看所有连接的设备

dmesg

dmesg | grep wl

wget下载与tar压缩/解压，参考https://www.cnblogs.com/guanyuespace/p/wget_tar.html

#下载
sudo wget https://download.jetbrains.8686c.com/python/pycharm-community-2020.1.2.tar.gz

#压缩与解压
*.tar 用 tar –xvf 解压
*.gz 用 gzip -d或者gunzip 解压
.tar.gz和.tgz 用 tar –xzf 解压
*.bz2 用 bzip2 -d或者用bunzip2 解压
*.tar.bz2用tar –xjf 解压
*.Z 用 uncompress 解压
*.tar.Z 用tar –xZf 解压
*.rar 用 unrar e解压
*.zip 用 unzip 解压

安装deb文件

sudo dpkg -i /path/to/package.deb