数据仓库，就不是数据库了吗？

来源：https://www.guru99.com/database-vs-data-warehouse.html

本来摘自guru99, 粗略过了下，非常适合入门的读者阅读。对数据仓库好有更清晰 的了解。如果大家有需求翻译成中文的，可阅后留言。

What is Database?

A database is a collection of related data which represents some elements of the real world. It is designed to be built and populated with data for a specific task. It is also a building block of your data solution.

In this tutorial, you will learn

• What is Database?

• What is a Data Warehouse?

• Why use a Database?

• Why Use Data Warehouse?

• Characteristics of Database

• Characteristics of Data Warehouse

• Difference between Database and Data Warehouse

• Applications of Database

• Applications of Data Warehousing

• Disadvantages of Database

• Disadvantages of Data Warehouse

What is a Data Warehouse?

A data warehouse is an information system which stores historical and commutative data from single or multiple sources. It is designed to analyze, report, integrate transaction data from different sources.

Data Warehouse eases the analysis and reporting process of an organization. It is also a single version of truth for the organization for decision making and forecasting process.

Why use a Database?

Here, are prime reasons for using Database system:

• It offers the security of data and its access

• A database offers a variety of techniques to store and retrieve data.

• Database act as an efficient handler to balance the requirement of multiple applications using the same data

• A DBMS offers integrity constraints to get a high level of protection to prevent access to prohibited data.

• A database allows you to access concurrent data in such a way that only a single user can access the same data at a time.

Why Use Data Warehouse?

Here, are Important reasons for using Data Warehouse:

• Data warehouse helps business users to access critical data from some sources all in one place.

• It provides consistent information on various cross-functional activities

• Helps you to integrate many sources of data to reduce stress on the production system.

• Data warehouse helps you to reduce TAT (total turnaround time) for analysis and reporting.

• Data warehouse helps users to access critical data from different sources in a single place so, it saves user's time of retrieving data information from multiple sources. You can also access data from the cloud easily.

• Data warehouse allows you to stores a large amount of historical data to analyze different periods and trends to make future predictions.

• Enhances the value of operational business applications and customer relationship management systems

• Separates analytics processing from transactional databases, improving the performance of both systems

• Stakeholders and users may be overestimating the quality of data in the source systems. Data warehouse provides more accurate reports.

Characteristics of Database

• Offers security and removes redundancy

• Allow multiple views of the data

• Database system follows the ACID compliance ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability).

• Allows insulation between programs and data

• Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing

• Relational Database support multi-user environment

Characteristics of Data Warehouse

• A data warehouse is subject oriented as it offers information related to theme instead of companies' ongoing operations.

• The data also needs to be stored in the Datawarehouse in common and unanimously acceptable manner.

• The time horizon for the data warehouse is relatively extensive compared with other operational systems.

• A data warehouse is non-volatile which means the previous data is not erased when new information is entered in it.

Difference between Database and Data Warehouse

Parameter	Database	Data Warehouse
Purpose	Is designed to record	Is designed to analyze
Processing Method	The database uses the Online Transactional Processing (OLTP)	Data warehouse uses Online Analytical Processing (OLAP).
Usage	The database helps to perform fundamental operations for your business	Data warehouse allows you to analyze your business.
Tables and Joins	Tables and joins of a database are complex as they are normalized.	Table and joins are simple in a data warehouse because they are denormalized.
Orientation	Is an application-oriented collection of data	It is a subject-oriented collection of data
Storage limit	Generally limited to a single application	Stores data from any number of applications
Availability	Data is available real-time	Data is refreshed from source systems as and when needed
Usage	ER modeling techniques are used for designing.	Data modeling techniques are used for designing.
Technique	Capture data	Analyze data
Data Type	Data stored in the Database is up to date.	Current and Historical Data is stored in Data Warehouse. May not be up to date.
Storage of data	Flat Relational Approach method is used for data storage.	Data Ware House uses dimensional and normalized approach for the data structure. Example: Star and snowflake schema.
Query Type	Simple transaction queries are used.	Complex queries are used for analysis purpose.
Data Summary	Detailed Data is stored in a database.	It stores highly summarized data.

Applications of Database

Sector	Usage
Banking	Use in the banking sector for customer information, account-related activities, payments, deposits, loans, credit cards, etc.
Airlines	Use for reservations and schedule information.
Universities	To store student information, course registrations, colleges, and results.
Telecommunication	It helps to store call records, monthly bills, balance maintenance, etc.
Finance	Helps you to store information related stock, sales, and purchases of stocks and bonds.
Sales & Production	Use for storing customer, product and sales details.
Manufacturing	It is used for the data management of the supply chain and for tracking production of items, inventories status.
HR Management	Detail about employee's salaries, deduction, generation of paychecks, etc.

Applications of Data Warehousing

Sector	Usage
Airline	It is used for airline system management operations like crew assignment, analyzes of route, frequent flyer program discount schemes for passenger, etc.
Banking	It is used in the banking sector to manage the resources available on the desk effectively.
Healthcare sector	Data warehouse used to strategize and predict outcomes, create patient's treatment reports, etc. Advanced machine learning, big data enable datawarehouse systems can predict ailments.
Insurance sector	Data warehouses are widely used to analyze data patterns, customer trends, and to track market movements quickly.
Retain chain	It helps you to track items, identify the buying pattern of the customer, promotions and also used for determining pricing policy.
Telecommunication	In this sector, data warehouse used for product promotions, sales decisions and to make distribution decisions.

Disadvantages of Database

• Cost of Hardware and Software of an implementing Database system is high which can increase the budget of your organization.

• Many DBMS systems are often complex systems, so the training for users to use the DBMS is required.

• DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations

• Issues regarding compatibility with systems which is already in place

• Data owners may lose control over their data, raising security, ownership, and privacy issues.

Disadvantages of Data Warehouse

• Adding new data sources takes time, and it is associated with high cost.

• Sometimes problems associated with the data warehouse may be undetected for many years.

• Data warehouses are high maintenance systems. Extracting, loading, and cleaning data could be time-consuming.

• The data warehouse may look simple, but actually, it is too complicated for the average users. You need to provide training to end-users, who end up not using the data mining and warehouse.

• Despite best efforts at project management, the scope of data warehousing will always increase.

What Works Best for You?

To sum up, we can say that the database helps to perform the fundamental operation of business while the data warehouse helps you to analyze your business. You choose either one of them based on your business goals.

End

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