lua学习笔记之面向对象编程

1、类

基于原型。lua使用继承的思想即__index元方法来实现原型。

Account = {balance = 0}

function Account:withdraw(v)
    self.balance = self.balance - v
end

function Account:deposit(v)
    self.balance = self.balance + v
end

function Account:new(o)
    o = o or {}
    self.__index = self
    setmetatable(o, self)
    return o
end

b = Account:new()
print(b.balance)
b:deposit( 200.00)
print(b.balance)
b:withdraw(100.00)
print(b.balance)

输出为：
0
200.0
100.0

2、继承

通过基类的new来创建基类的实例，然后实例再次new创建子类实例，通过重写实体方法来覆盖基类方法

---
--- Generated by EmmyLua(https://github.com/EmmyLua)
--- Created by wl.
--- DateTime: 2021/12/2 0:01

Account = {balance = 0}

function Account:withdraw(v)
    if v > self.balance then error "insufficient funds" end
    self.balance = self.balance - v
end

function Account:deposit(v)
    self.balance = self.balance + v
end

function Account:new(o)
    o = o or {}
    self.__index = self
    setmetatable(o, self)
    return o
end


SpecialAccount = Account:new()

function SpecialAccount:withdraw(v)
    if v - self.balance >= self:getLimit() then
        error "insufficient funds"
    end
    self.balance = self.balance - v
end

function SpecialAccount:getLimit()
    return self.limit or 0
end

s = SpecialAccount:new{limit = 1000.00}
print(s.balance)
s:deposit( 200.00)
print(s.balance)
s:withdraw(100.00)
print(s.balance)

3、多继承

原理仍然是使用元表，只是其__index中是在多个父类中查找。

local function search(k, plist)
    for i = 1, #plist do
        local v = plist[i][k]
        if v then return v end
    end
end

function createClass(...)
    local c = {}
    local parents = {...}
    setmetatable(c, {__index = function(t,k)
        return search(k, parents)
    end})

    c.__index = c

    function c:new(o)
        o = o or {}
        setmetatable(o, c)
        return o
    end

    return c
end

Account = {balance = 0}

function Account:withdraw(v)
    if v > self.balance then error "insufficient funds" end
    self.balance = self.balance - v
end

function Account:deposit(v)
    self.balance = self.balance + v
end

function Account:new(o)
    o = o or {}
    self.__index = self
    setmetatable(o, self)
    return o
end

Named = {}
function Named:getName()
    return self.name
end

function Named:setName(n)
    self.name = n
end

NamedAccount = createClass(Named, Account)
account = NamedAccount:new{name = "Paul"}
print(account:getName())

 一种优化方式是每次访问时，如果找到放到当前类中。缺点是如果对父类有修改，不会传递到子类中

setmetatable(c, {__index = function(t,k)
        local v =  search(k, parents)
        t[k] = v
        return v
    end})

4、信息隐藏

通过闭包来实现。通过两张表，一张记录属性，一张记录操作。

function newAccount(initialBalance)
    local self = {balance = initialBalance}

    local withdraw = function(v)
        self.balance = self.balance - v
    end

    local deposit = function(v)
        self.balance = self.balance + v
    end

    local getBalance = function()
        return self.balance
    end

    return {
        withdraw = withdraw,
        deposit = deposit,
        getBalance = getBalance
    }
end

acc1 = newAccount(100.00)
acc1.withdraw(40.00)
print(acc1.getBalance())

输出为：
60.0

5、单方法

作为信息的分发

function newObject(value)
    return function(action, v)
        if action == "get" then return value
        elseif action == "set" then value = v
        else error("invalid action")
        end
    end
end

d = newObject(0)
print(d("get"))
d("set", 10)
print(d("get"))

输出：
0
10