19-python_文件和目录

I/O 操作
- 文件的打开和创建
- 文件读取
- 文件写入
- 内容查找和替换
- 文件 删除 复制 重命名
- 目录操作

1. 文件读写

   - open()
   - file()
   - file.read()
   - file.write()
   - file.close()

 1.1 open
   - file_handler = open( filename[, mode[, buffer]])

    >>> help( open )
    Help on built-in function open in module __builtin__:

    open(...)
        open(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object

        Open a file using the file() type, returns a file object.  This is the
        preferred way to open a file.  See file.__doc__ for further information.  

  1.1.1 filename
   - 相对路径的文件
   - 局的路径的文件
   - window下, 路径分隔符"\\" 或 "/" 

  1.1.2 mode
   - r      只读(默认)
   - r+     读写, 先读后写-追加, 先写-从头开始覆盖
   - w      写入, 清空, 没有则创建
   - w+     写入, 清空, 没有则创建(可写入输出)
   - a      写入, 追加, 没有则创建
   - a+     读写, 追加, 没有则创建
   - b      打开二级制的文件, 可与 r w a + 结合使用
   - U      支持所有的换行符, \r \n \r\n

 1.2 read -----file.read()
    >>> help(file.read)
    Help on method_descriptor:

    read(...)
        read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string.

        If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
        Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested
        may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.

    E:\desktop\python\py_src>type a.txt
    hello!
    I'm Forward.    
    E:\desktop\python\py_src>python

    ######### file() ###############
    >>> file_handler = open("a.txt")
    >>> file_handler
    <open file 'a.txt', mode 'r' at 0x012D6230>
    >>> content = file_handler.read()
    >>> content
    "hello!\nI'm Forward.\n"
    >>> print content
    hello!
    I'm Forward.

    >>> file_handler.close()
    >>> file_handler
    <closed file 'a.txt', mode 'r' at 0x012D6230>
    >>> file_handler.read()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    ValueError: I/O operation on closed file
    
    ######### file() ###############
    >>> file_handler = file( "E:/desktop/python/py_src/a.txt" )
    >>> file_handler
    <open file 'E:/desktop/python/py_src/a.txt', mode 'r' at 0x012E6230>
    >>> file_handler.read()
    "hello!\nI'm Forward.\n"
    >>> file_handler.close()

 1.3 close  ---- file.close()

    >>> help( file.close )
    Help on method_descriptor:

    close(...)
        close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer.  Close the file.

        Sets data attribute .closed to True.  A closed file cannot be used for
        further I/O operations.  close() may be called more than once without
        error.  Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen())
        may return an exit status upon closing.

 1.4 write  ---- file.write()

    >>> help( file.write )
    Help on method_descriptor:

    write(...)
        write(str) -> None.  Write string str to file.

        Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before
        the file on disk reflects the data written.

    >>> newfile = open("a.txt", "w")
    >>> newfile.write( "hello, I'm a new file!" )
    >>> newfile.flush()
    >>> newfile.close()
    >>> newfile = file( "a.txt" )
    >>> newfile.read()
    "hello, I'm a new file!"
    >>> newfile.close()

2. 文件对象方法

 - fileObject.close()
 - string = fileObject.readline([size])
 - list = fileObject.readlines([size])
 - contentString = fileObject.read([size])
 - fileObject.next()
 - fileObject.write(string)
 - fileObject.writelines(list)
 - fileObject.seek(offset, options)
 - fileObject.flush()

 2.1 read([size])   - string
   - read(size) 每次读size个字节
   - read() 一次读取所有内容 

 2.2 readline([size])   - string
   - readline(size) 每次读一行中多少个字
   - readline       每次读一行, 读到行末

    >>> help(file.readline)
    Help on method_descriptor:

    readline(...)
        readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string.

        Retain newline.  A non-negative size argument limits the maximum
        number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then).
        Return an empty string at EOF.

    >>> afile = open("a.txt")
    >>> afile.readline()
    '\n'
    >>> afile.readline()
    'hello\n'
    >>> afile.readline()
    "I'm Forwar.\n"
    >>> afile.readline()
    "What's your name?\n"
    >>> afile.readline()
    'Bye!\n'
    >>> afile.readline()
    ''
    >>> afile.close()

 2.3 readlines([size])

    >>> help(file.readlines)
    Help on method_descriptor:

    readlines(...)
        readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file.

        Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read.
        The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the
        total number of bytes in the lines returned.

    >>> afile = open("a.txt")
    >>> afile.readlines()
    ['\n', 'hello\n', "I'm Forwar.\n", "What's your name?\n", 'Bye!\n']
    >>> afile.close()

 2.4 next()
   - 读完, 会停止迭代, 不会像read...() 方法读完后返回空串

    >>> help( file.next )
    Help on wrapper_descriptor:

    next(...)
        x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration

    >>> afile = open("a.txt")
    >>> afile.next()
    '\n'
    >>> afile.next()
    'hello\n'
    >>> afile.next()
    "I'm Forwar.\n"
    >>> afile.next()
    "What's your name?\n"
    >>> afile.next()
    'Bye!\n'
    >>> afile.next()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    StopIteration
    >>> afile.next()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    StopIteration
    >>> afile.close()

 2.5 writelines(list)
    >>> afile = open("a.txt")
    >>> afile.close()
    >>> afile = open("a.txt", "a")
    >>> appendList = ["one\n", "two\n"]
    >>> afile.writelines(appendList)
    >>> afile.close()
 
 2.6 seek(offset, whence) 移动文件指针
   - whence = 0  文件开始
   - whence = 1  当前位置
   - whence = 2  文件末尾
    >>> help(file.seek)
    Help on method_descriptor:

    seek(...)
        seek(offset[, whence]) -> None.  Move to new file position.

        Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
        0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1
        (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move
        relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow
        seeking beyond the end of a file).  If the file is opened in text mode,
        only offsets returned by tell() are legal.  Use of other offsets causes
        undefined behavior.
        Note that not all file objects are seekable.

    >>> afile = open("a.txt")
    >>> afile.read()
    "\nhello\nI'm Forwar.\nWhat's your name?\nBye!\none\ntwo\n"
    >>> afile.read()
    ''
    >>> afile.seek(0)
    >>> afile.read()
    "\nhello\nI'm Forwar.\nWhat's your name?\nBye!\none\ntwo\n"
    >>> afile.close()