STL迭代器简介

原文地址：http://blog.csdn.net/penzo/article/details/5995286

标准模板库(The Standard Template Library, STL)定义了五种迭代器。下面的图表画出了这几种：

要注意，上面这图表并不是表明它们之间的继承关系：而只是描述了迭代器的种类和接口。处于图表下层的迭代器都是相对于处于图表上层迭代器的扩张集。例如：forward迭代器不但拥有input和output迭代器的所有功能，还拥有更多的功能。

各个迭代器的功能如下：

迭代器类别	说明
输入	从容器中读取元素。输入迭代器只能一次读入一个元素向前移动，输入迭代器只支持一遍算法，同一个输入迭代器不能两遍遍历一个序列
输出	向容器中写入元素。输出迭代器只能一次一个元素向前移动。输出迭代器只支持一遍算法，统一输出迭代器不能两次遍历一个序列
正向	组合输入迭代器和输出迭代器的功能，并保留在容器中的位置
双向	组合正向迭代器和逆向迭代器的功能，支持多遍算法
随机访问	组合双向迭代器的功能与直接访问容器中任何元素的功能，即可向前向后跳过任意个元素

下表中，每种迭代器均可进行包括表中前一种迭代器可进行的操作。

所有迭代器：

p++	前置自增迭代器
++p	后置自增迭代器

输入迭代器：

*p	复引用迭代器，作为右值 注：此时以容器作为输入源，读容器
p=p1	将一个迭代器赋给另一个迭代器
p==p1	比较迭代器的相等性
p!=p1	比较迭代器的不等性

输出迭代器：

*p	复引用迭代器，作为左值 注：输出到容器，写容器
p=p1	将一个迭代器赋给另一个迭代器

正向迭代器：

提供输入输出迭代器的所有功能。

双向迭代器：

--p	前置自减迭代器
p--	后置自减迭代器

随机迭代器：

p+=i	将迭代器递增i位
p-=i	将迭代器递减i位
p+i	在p位加i位后的迭代器
p-i	在p位减i位后的迭代器
p[i]	返回p位元素偏离i位的元素引用
p<p1	如果迭代器p的位置在p1前，返回true，否则返回false
p<=p1	p的位置在p1的前面或同一位置时返回true，否则返回false
p>p1	如果迭代器p的位置在p1后，返回true，否则返回false
p>=p1	p的位置在p1的后面或同一位置时返回true，否则返回false

下面列举了些例子说明各个容器的用法：
1、vector

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int main()
{
    std::vector<char> charVector;

    int x;
    for (x=0; x<10; ++x)
        charVector.push_back(65 + x);

    int size = charVector.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::vector<char>::iterator start =
            charVector.begin();
        charVector.erase(start);
        std::vector<char>::iterator iter;
        for (iter = charVector.begin(); 
                iter != charVector.end(); iter++)
        {
            std::cout << *iter;
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

2、deque

#include <iostream>
#include <deque>

int main()
{
    std::deque<char> charDeque;
    int x;
    for (x=0; x<10; ++x)
        charDeque.push_front(65 + x);

    int size = charDeque.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::deque<char>::iterator start =
            charDeque.begin();
        charDeque.erase(start);
        std::deque<char>::iterator iter;
        for (iter = charDeque.begin(); 
                iter != charDeque.end(); iter++)
        {
            std::cout << *iter;
        }
        std::cout << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

3、list

#include <iostream>
#include <list>

int main()
{
    // Create and populate the list.
    int x;
    std::list<char> charList;
    for (x=0; x<10; ++x)
        charList.push_front(65 + x);

    // Display contents of list.
    std::cout << "Original list: ";
    std::list<char>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = charList.begin(); 
            iter != charList.end(); iter++)
    {
        std::cout << *iter;
        //char ch = *iter;
        //std::cout << ch;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // Insert five Xs into the list.
    std::list<char>::iterator start = charList.begin();
    charList.insert(++start, 5, 'X');

    // Display the result.
    std::cout << "Resultant list: ";
    for (iter = charList.begin(); 
    iter != charList.end(); iter++)
    {
        std::cout << *iter;
        //char ch = *iter;
        //std::cout << ch;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

4、set

#include <iostream>
#include <set>

int main()
{
    // Create the set object.
    std::set<char> charSet;

    // Populate the set with values.
    charSet.insert('E');
    charSet.insert('D');
    charSet.insert('C');
    charSet.insert('B');
    charSet.insert('A');

    // Display the contents of the set.
    std::cout << "Contents of set: " << std::endl;
    std::set<char>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = charSet.begin(); iter != charSet.end(); iter++)
        std::cout << *iter << std::endl;
    std::cout << std::endl;

    // Find the D.
    iter = charSet.find('D');
    if (iter == charSet.end())
        std::cout << "Element not found.";
    else
        std::cout << "Element found: " << *iter;

    return 0;
}

5、multiset

#include <iostream>
#include <set>

int main()
{
    // Create the first set object.
    std::multiset<char> charMultiset1;

    // Populate the multiset with values.
    charMultiset1.insert('E');
    charMultiset1.insert('D');
    charMultiset1.insert('C');
    charMultiset1.insert('B');
    charMultiset1.insert('A');
    charMultiset1.insert('B');
    charMultiset1.insert('D');

    // Display the contents of the first multiset.
    std::cout << "Contents of first multiset: " << std::endl;
    std::multiset<char>::iterator iter;
    for (iter = charMultiset1.begin();
            iter != charMultiset1.end(); iter++)
        std::cout << *iter << std::endl;
    std::cout << std::endl;

    // Create the second multiset object.
    std::multiset<char> charMultiset2;

    // Populate the multiset with values.
    charMultiset2.insert('J');
    charMultiset2.insert('I');
    charMultiset2.insert('H');
    charMultiset2.insert('G');
    charMultiset2.insert('F');
    charMultiset2.insert('G');
    charMultiset2.insert('I');
    
    // Display the contents of the second multiset.
    std::cout << "Contents of second multiset: "
        << std::endl;
    for (iter = charMultiset2.begin();
    iter != charMultiset2.end(); iter++)
        std::cout << *iter << std::endl;
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // Compare the sets.
    if (charMultiset1 == charMultiset2)
        std::cout << "set1 == set2";
    else if (charMultiset1 < charMultiset2)
        std::cout << "set1 < set2";
    else if (charMultiset1 > charMultiset2)
        std::cout << "set1 > set2";
    
    return 0;
}

6、map

#include <iostream>
#include <map>

typedef std::map<int, char> MYMAP;

int main()
{
    // Create the first map object.
    MYMAP charMap1;

    // Populate the first map with values.
    charMap1[1] = 'A';
    charMap1[4] = 'D';
    charMap1[2] = 'B';
    charMap1[5] = 'E';
    charMap1[3] = 'C';

    // Display the contents of the first map.
    std::cout << "Contents of first map: " << std::endl;
    MYMAP::iterator iter;
    for (iter = charMap1.begin();
            iter != charMap1.end(); iter++)
    {
        std::cout << (*iter).first << " --> ";
        std::cout << (*iter).second << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    // Create the second map object.
    MYMAP charMap2;

    // Populate the first map with values.
    charMap2[1] = 'F';
    charMap2[4] = 'I';
    charMap2[2] = 'G';
    charMap2[5] = 'J';
    charMap2[3] = 'H';

    // Display the contents of the second map.
    std::cout << "Contents of second map: " << std::endl;
    for (iter = charMap2.begin();
            iter != charMap2.end(); iter++)
    {
        std::cout << (*iter).first << " --> ";
        std::cout << (*iter).second << std::endl;
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    // Compare the maps.
    if (charMap1 == charMap2)
        std::cout << "map1 == map2";
    else if (charMap1 < charMap2)
        std::cout << "map1 < map2";
    else if (charMap1 > charMap2)
        std::cout << "map1 > map2";
    
    return 0;
}

8、stack

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <stack>

int main()
{
    std::stack<int, std::list<int> > intStack;

    int x;
    std::cout << "Values pushed onto stack:"
              << std::endl;
    for (x=1; x<11; ++x)
    {
        intStack.push(x*100);
        std::cout << x*100 << std::endl;
    }

    std::cout << "Values popped from stack:"
              << std::endl;
    int size = intStack.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::cout << intStack.top() << std::endl;
        intStack.pop();
    }

    return 0;
}
9、queue 

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <queue>

int main()
{
    std::queue<int, std::list<int> > intQueue;

    int x;
    std::cout << "Values pushed onto queue:"
              << std::endl;
    for (x=1; x<11; ++x)
    {
        intQueue.push(x*100);
        std::cout << x*100 << std::endl;
    }

    std::cout << "Values removed from queue:"
              << std::endl;
    int size = intQueue.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::cout << intQueue.front() << std::endl;
        intQueue.pop();
    }

    return 0;
}

9、queue

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <queue>

int main()
{
    std::queue<int, std::list<int> > intQueue;

    int x;
    std::cout << "Values pushed onto queue:"
              << std::endl;
    for (x=1; x<11; ++x)
    {
        intQueue.push(x*100);
        std::cout << x*100 << std::endl;
    }

    std::cout << "Values removed from queue:"
              << std::endl;
    int size = intQueue.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::cout << intQueue.front() << std::endl;
        intQueue.pop();
    }

    return 0;
}

10、priority_queue

#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <queue>

int main()
{
    std::priority_queue<int, std::vector<int>,std::greater<int> > intPQueue;
    int x;
    intPQueue.push(400);
    intPQueue.push(100);
    intPQueue.push(500);
    intPQueue.push(300);
    intPQueue.push(200);

    std::cout << "Values removed from priority queue:"
              << std::endl;
    int size = intPQueue.size();
    for (x=0; x<size; ++x)
    {
        std::cout << intPQueue.top() << std::endl;
        intPQueue.pop();
    }

    return 0;
}

map、set 和 list 类型提供双向迭代器，而 string、vector 和 deque 容器上定义的迭代器都是随机访问迭代器都是随机访问迭代器，用作访问内置数组元素的指针也是随机访问迭代器。istream_iterator 是输入迭代器，而 ostream_iterator 则是输出迭代器。

更多迭代器介绍可参考《C++ Primer》11.3节。