设计模式之观察者模式

 其实JDK里面已经有帮我们实现好的观察员接口和被观察者对象，大家可以去JDK的util包里面找这两个JAVA文件，看看他们的源代码就明白观察者模式的原理了。

java.util.Observable     被观察对象

java.util.Observer         观察员对象

这样的话让我们的被观察对象继承java.util.Observable，观察员实现java.util.Observer接口就可以了。

下面是观察员对象，实现java.util.Observer接口的void update(Observable o, Object arg) 方法，它主要就是通过提供给外部的 public void update(Observable o, Object arg) 方法获得通知消息。两个参数Observable o表示被观察对象, Object arg表示通知消息。

/*
 * Created on 2006-6-30 by   kongyiji
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
package com;

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

/**
 * @author
 * 观察员
 * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window -
 * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
public class Human implements Observer {

    private String name;

    /**
     * 
     */
    public Human() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    public Human(String name) {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub

        this.name = name;
    }

    /*
     * (non-Javadoc)
     *
     * @see java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
       
        //获取被观察对象当前的状态
        System.out.println(((InvalidMan)o).getState());
       
        //向当前观察者通知消息
        System.out.println(name + arg);
       
      
    }

}

 

下面是被观察对象，继承自java.util.Observable

 

/*
 * Created on 2006-6-30 by   kongyiji
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
package com;

import java.util.Observable;

/**
 * @author  by   kongyiji
 * 被观察者
 * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
public class  InvalidMan extends Observable {
   
    private int state;
   
    //差
    public final static int STATE_BAD = 0;
   
    //死
    public final static int STATE_DEAD = -1;
   
    //良好
    public final static int STATE_FINE = 1;
   
   
    /**
     *
     */
    public InvalidMan() {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }
   
    public InvalidMan(int state) {
        this.state = state;
        //this.setChanged();
    }
   
    /**
     * @return Returns the state.
     */
    public int getState() {
        return state;
    }
    /**
     * @param state The state to set.
     */
    public void setState(int state) {
        this.state = state;
    }
   
    public void changeState(int state){
        if(this.state != state)
        {
            this.state = state;
            this.setChanged();
           
            if(STATE_BAD == state || STATE_DEAD == state)
            {
                this.notifyObservers("...准备后事...");
            }
            else if(STATE_FINE == state)
            {
                this.notifyObservers("...准备出院...");
            }
        }
        else
        {
         this.notifyObservers("...老样子...");
        }
    }  
}

好了，下面我们来写一个demo类，看被观察对象是如何一个个的通知所有的观察员：我的情况发生了变化。

 

/*
 * Created on 2006-6-30
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated file go to
 * Window - Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
package com;

import java.util.Observer;

/**
 * @author
 *
 * TODO To change the template for this generated type comment go to Window -
 * Preferences - Java - Code Style - Code Templates
 */
public class ObserverDemo
{

    /**
     * 
     */
    public ObserverDemo()
    {
        super();
        // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        //被观察者
        InvalidMan o1 = new InvalidMan(InvalidMan.STATE_BAD);
        //观察员
        Observer oo1 = new Human("医生");
        //观察员
        Observer oo2 = new Human("护士");
        //观察员
        Observer oo3 = new Human("家人");
       
        //向被观察对象注册观察员
        //为病人注册  观察员：医生，护士，家人
        o1.addObserver(oo1);
        o1.addObserver(oo2);
        o1.addObserver(oo3);
       
        //更改被观察对象的状态
        o1.changeState(InvalidMan.STATE_DEAD);
       
       
    }

}

 

理解到这里，大家应该发现，其实设计模式的思想之一就是尽量使用接口来调用对象，而不是直接使用类，设计对象，尽量发现对象中共性的行为或动作，将这些行为或动作抽象出来成为接口中的抽象方法，然后让我们的对象实现这个接口，实现接口中定义的抽象方法。

 

同时，我在后面附上java.util.Observable，java.util.Observer  的源代码，方便大家研究。

 

/*
 * @(#)Observer.java 1.18 03/01/23
 *
 * Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */
package java.util;

/**
 * A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it
 * wants to be informed of changes in observable objects.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @version 1.18, 01/23/03
 * @see     java.util.Observable
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public interface Observer {
    /**
     * This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
     * application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
     * observers notified of the change.
     *
     * @param   o     the observable object.
     * @param   arg   an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
     *                 method.
     */
    void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}

 

 

 

/*
 * @(#)Observable.java 1.35 03/01/23
 *
 * Copyright 2003 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
 * SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.util;

/**
 * This class represents an observable object, or "data"
 * in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
 * object that the application wants to have observed.
 * <p>
 * An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
 * may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
 * observable instance changes, an application calling the
 * <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method 
 * causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
 * to their <code>update</code> method.
 * <p>
 * The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified. 
 * The default implementation provided in the Observerable class will
 * notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
 * subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
 * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
 * subclass follows this order, as they choose.
 * <p>
 * Note that this notification mechanism is has nothing to do with threads
 * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
 * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
 * <p>
 * When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
 * empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
 * <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @version 1.35, 01/23/03
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     java.util.Observer
 * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector obs;
  
    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
 obs = new Vector();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
 if (!obs.contains(o)) {
     obs.addElement(o);
 }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
     *
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
 notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
     * that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
 /*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

 synchronized (this) {
     /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
      * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
      * The code where we extract each Observable from
      * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
      * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
      * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
      * potential race-condition here is that:
      * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
      *   notification in progress
      * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
      *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
      */
     if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
 obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
 changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
     * This method is called automatically by the
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
 changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
     *          method has been called more recently than the
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
 return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
 return obs.size();
    }
}