装饰者模式（Decorator Pattern）

设计原理5：类应该对扩展开放，对修改关闭

装饰者模式：动态地将责任附加到对象上，若要扩展功能，装饰者提供了比继承更有弹性的替代方案

案例，根据《Head First》的例子，写一个茶与调味料- 糖和牛奶的例子：

斜体文字的为虚类或虚函数。

代码实现：

public class PatternDemo {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Tea tea = new Tea();
		
		System.out.println(tea.getDescription() + ", $" + tea.getCost());
		
		Beverage beverage = new Milk(tea);
		Beverage beverage1 = new Sugar(tea);
		
		System.out.println(beverage.getDescription() + ", $" + beverage.getCost());
		System.out.println(beverage1.getDescription() + ", $" + beverage1.getCost());
		
		beverage = new Sugar(beverage);
		
		System.out.println(beverage.getDescription() + ", $" + beverage.getCost());
		
	}
}

public abstract class Beverage {

	private String description;
	
	public Beverage() {
		
	}
	
	public Beverage(String description) {
		this.description = description;
	}
	
	public String getDescription() {
		return description;
	}
	public abstract double getCost();
}

public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
	public abstract String getDescription(); 
}

其实这个抽象方法写起来应该只是为了强制性在子类里要开发者实现，如果不写，可以在子类里直接重载Beverage里的方法也可以

public class Tea extends Beverage {

	public Tea() {
		super("Tea");
	}
	
	public Tea(String description) {
		super(description);
	}
	
	@Override
	public double getCost() {
		return 2;
	}
}

public class Milk extends CondimentDecorator {

	private Beverage beverage;
	
	public Milk(Beverage beverage) {
		this.beverage = beverage;
	}
	
	@Override
	public String getDescription() {
		return beverage.getDescription() + " with milk";
	}

	@Override
	public double getCost() {
		return beverage.getCost() + 0.5;
	}
}

public class Sugar extends CondimentDecorator {
	
	private Beverage beverage;
	
	public Sugar(Beverage beverage) {
		this.beverage = beverage;
	}
	
	@Override
	public String getDescription() {
		return beverage.getDescription() + " with sugar";
	}


	@Override
	public double getCost() {
		return beverage.getCost() + 0.3;
	}
}

《Head First》后面提到，原来JDK里的InputStream和OutputStream都是用装饰者模式完成的，这样就好理解多了：

InputStream就是最上层的抽象基类，而FilterInputStream就是继承抽象基类InputStream的装饰者抽象基类