一、什么是杂项维度
简单地说，杂项维度就是一种包含的数据具有很少可能值的维度。事务型商业过程通常产生一系列混杂的、低基数的标志位或状态信息。与其为每个标志或属性定义不同的维度，不如建立单独的将不同维度合并到一起的杂项维度。这些维度，通常在一个模式中标记为事务型概要维度，一般不需要所有属性可能值的笛卡尔积，但应该至少包含实际发生在源数据中的组合值。例如，在销售订单中，可能存在有很多离散数据（yes-no这种开关类型的值），如：
- verification_ind（如果订单已经被审核，值为yes）
- credit_check_flag（表示此订单的客户信用状态是否已经被检查）
- new_customer_ind（如果这是新客户的首个订单，值为yes）
- web_order_flag（表示一个订单是在线上订单还是线下订单）
二、处理杂项维度的常用方法
在建模复杂的操作型源系统时，经常会遭遇大量五花八门的标志或状态信息，它们包含小范围的离散值。处理这些较低基数的标志或状态位通常可以采用以下几种方法。1. 忽略这些标志和指标
姑且将这种回避问题的处理方式也算作方法之一吧。在开发ETL系统时，ETL开发小组可以向业务用户询问有关忽略这些标志的必要问题，如果它们是微不足道的。但是这样的方案通常立即就被否决了，因为有人偶尔还需要它们。2. 保持事实表行中的标志位不变
还以销售订单为例，和源数据库一样，我们可以在事实表中也建立这四个标志位字段。在装载事实表时，除了订单号以外，同时装载这四个字段的数据，这些字段没有对应的维度表，而是作为订单的属性保留在事实表中。这种处理方法简单直接，装载程不需要做大量的修改，也不需要建立相关的维度表。但是一般我们不希望在事实表中存储难以识别的标志位，尤其是当每个标志位还配有一个文字描述字段时。不要在事实表行中存储包含大量字符的描述符，因为每一行都会有文字描述，它们可能会使表快速地膨胀。在行中保留一些文本标志是令人反感的，比较好的做法是分离出单独的维度表保存这些标志位字段的数据，它们的数据量很小，并且极少改变。事实表通过维度表的代理键引用这些标志。
3. 将每个标志位放入其自己的维度中
例如，为销售订单的四个标志位分别建立四个对应的维度表。在装载事实表数据前先处理这四个维度表，必要时生成新的代理键，然后在事实表中引用这些代理键。这种方法是将杂项维度当做普通维度来处理，多数情况下这也是不合适的。首先，当类似的标志或状态位字段比较多时，需要建立很多的维度表，其次事实表的外键数也会大量增加。处理这些新增的维度表和外键需要大量修改数据装载脚本，还会增加出错的机会，同时会给ETL的开发、维护、测试过程带来很大的工作量。最后，杂项维度的数据有自己明显的特点，即属性多但每个属性的值少，并且极少修改，这种特点决定了它应该与普通维度的处理区分开。
作为一个经验值，如果外键的数量处于合理的范围中，即不超过20个，则在事实表中增加不同的外键是可以接受的。但是，若外键列表已经很长，则应该避免将更多的外键加入到事实表中。
4. 将标志位字段存储到订单维度中
可以将标志位字段添加到订单维度表中。上一篇我们将订单维度表作为退化维度删除了，因为它除了订单号，没有其它任何属性。与其将订单号当成是退化维度，不如视其为将低基数标志或状态作为属性的普通维度。事实表通过引用订单维度表的代理键，关联到所有的标志位信息。尽管该方法精确地表示了数据关系，但依然存在前面讨论的问题。在订单维度表中，每条业务订单都会存在对应的一条销售订单记录，该维度表的记录数会膨胀到跟事实表一样多，而在如此多的数据中，每个标志位字段都存在大量的冗余。通常维度表应该比事实表小得多。
5. 使用杂项维度
处理这些标志位的适当替换方法是将它们包装为一个杂项维度，其中放置各种离散的标志或状态数据。对杂项维度数据量的估算会影响其建模策略。如果某个简单的杂项维度包含10个二值标识，则最多将包含1024（2^10）行。杂项维度可提供所有标识的组合，并用于基于这些标识的约束和报表。事实表与杂项维度之间存在一个单一的、小型的代理键。
另一方面，如果具有高度非关联的属性，包含更多的数量值，则将它们合并为单一的杂项维度是不合适的。如果存在5个标识，每个仅包含3个值，则单一杂项维度是这些属性的最佳选择，因为维度最多仅有243（3^5）行。但是如果5个没有关联的标识，每个具有100个可能值，建议建立不同维度，因为单一杂项维度表最大可能存在1亿（100^5）行。
关于杂项维度的一个微妙的问题是，在杂项维度中行的组合确定并已知的前提下，是应该事先为所有组合的完全笛卡尔积建立行，还是建立杂项维度行，只用于保存那些在源系统中出现的组合情况的数据。答案要看大概有多少可能的组合，最大行数是多少。一般来说，理论上组合的数量较小，比如只有几百行时，可以预装载所有组合的数据，而组合的数量大，那么在数据获取时，当遇到新标志或指标时再建立杂项维度行。当然，如果源数据中用到了全体组合时，那别无选择只能预先装载好全部杂项维度数据。
三、新增销售订单属性杂项维度
图1显示了增加杂项维度表后的数据仓库模式。
图1
给现有的数据仓库新增一个销售订单属性杂项维度。需要新增一个名为sales_order_attribute_dim的杂项维度表，该表包括四个yes-no列：verification_ind、credit_check_flag、new_customer_ind和web_order_flag，各列的含义已经在本篇开头说明。每个列可以有两个可能值中的一个，Y 或 N，因此sales_order_attribute_dim表最多有16（2^4）行。假设这16行已经包含了所有可能的组合，并且不考虑杂项维度修改的情况，则可以预装载这个维度，并且只需装载一次。
执行下面的脚本修改数据库结构。这个脚本做了工作：
- 给源数据库里的sales_order表增加对应的四个属性列。
- 重建外部表，增加杂项属性。
- 给销售订单原始数据存储表增加杂项属性。
- 建立sales_order_attribute_dim表。
- 向表中预装载全部16种可能的数据。
- 给销售订单事实表添加杂项维度代理键字段。
-- 给源库的销售订单表增加对应的属性
use source;
alter table sales_order
add verification_ind char (1) after product_code,
add credit_check_flag char (1) after verification_ind,
add new_customer_ind char (1) after credit_check_flag,
add web_order_flag char (1) after new_customer_ind ;
-- 重建外部表，增加杂项属性，列的顺序必须和源表一致
set search_path=ext;
drop external table sales_order;
create external table sales_order
(
order_number int,
customer_number int,
product_code int,
verification_ind char(1),
credit_check_flag char(1),
new_customer_ind char(1),
web_order_flag char(1),
order_date timestamp,
request_delivery_date timestamp,
entry_date timestamp,
order_amount decimal(10 , 2 ),
order_quantity int
)
location ('pxf://mycluster/data/ext/sales_order?profile=hdfstextsimple')
format 'text' (delimiter=e',', null='null');
comment on table sales_order is '销售订单外部表';
comment on column sales_order.order_number is '订单号';
comment on column sales_order.customer_number is '客户编号';
comment on column sales_order.product_code is '产品编码';
comment on column sales_order.verification_ind is '审核标志';
comment on column sales_order.credit_check_flag is '信用检查标志';
comment on column sales_order.new_customer_ind is '客户首个订单标志';
comment on column sales_order.web_order_flag is '线上订单标志';
comment on column sales_order.order_date is '订单日期';
comment on column sales_order.request_delivery_date is '请求交付日期';
comment on column sales_order.entry_date is '登记日期';
comment on column sales_order.order_amount is '销售金额';
comment on column sales_order.order_quantity is '销售数量';
-- 给销售订单过渡表增加对应的属性
set search_path=rds;
alter table sales_order add column verification_ind char(1) default null;
alter table sales_order add column credit_check_flag char(1) default null;
alter table sales_order add column new_customer_ind char(1) default null;
alter table sales_order add column web_order_flag char(1) default null;
comment on column sales_order.verification_ind is '审核标志';
comment on column sales_order.credit_check_flag is '信用检查标志';
comment on column sales_order.new_customer_ind is '客户首个订单标志';
comment on column sales_order.web_order_flag is '线上订单标志';
set search_path=tds;
-- 建立杂项维度表
create table sales_order_attribute_dim (
sales_order_attribute_sk int,
verification_ind char(1),
credit_check_flag char(1),
new_customer_ind char(1),
web_order_flag char(1)
);
comment on table sales_order_attribute_dim is '杂项维度表';
comment on column sales_order_attribute_dim.sales_order_attribute_sk is '杂项维度代理键';
comment on column sales_order_attribute_dim.verification_ind is '审核标志';
comment on column sales_order_attribute_dim.credit_check_flag is '信用检查标志';
comment on column sales_order_attribute_dim.new_customer_ind is '客户首个订单标志';
comment on column sales_order_attribute_dim.web_order_flag is '线上订单标志';
-- 生成杂项维度数据，共插入16条记录
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (1, 'n', 'n', 'n', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (2, 'n', 'n', 'n', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (3, 'n', 'n', 'y', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (4, 'n', 'n', 'y', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (5, 'n', 'y', 'n', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (6, 'n', 'y', 'n', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (7, 'n', 'y', 'y', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (8, 'n', 'y', 'y', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (9, 'y', 'n', 'n', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (10, 'y', 'n', 'n', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (11, 'y', 'n', 'y', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (12, 'y', 'n', 'y', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (13, 'y', 'y', 'n', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (14, 'y', 'y', 'n', 'y');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (15, 'y', 'y', 'y', 'n');
insert into sales_order_attribute_dim values (16, 'y', 'y', 'y', 'y');
-- 建立杂项维度外键
alter table sales_order_fact add column sales_order_attribute_sk int default null;
comment on column sales_order_fact.sales_order_attribute_sk is '杂项维度代理键'; 四、修改定期数据装载函数
由于有了一个新的维度，必须修改定期数据装载函数。下面显示了修改后的fn_regular_load函数。create or replace function fn_regular_load ()
returns void as
$$
declare
-- 设置scd的生效时间
v_cur_date date := current_date;
v_pre_date date := current_date - 1;
v_last_load date;
begin
-- 分析外部表
analyze ext.customer;
analyze ext.product;
analyze ext.sales_order;
-- 将外部表数据装载到原始数据表
truncate table rds.customer;
truncate table rds.product;
insert into rds.customer select * from ext.customer;
insert into rds.product select * from ext.product;
insert into rds.sales_order
select order_number,
customer_number,
product_code,
order_date,
entry_date,
order_amount,
order_quantity,
request_delivery_date,
verification_ind,
credit_check_flag,
new_customer_ind,
web_order_flag
from ext.sales_order;
-- 分析rds模式的表
analyze rds.customer;
analyze rds.product;
analyze rds.sales_order;
-- 设置cdc的上限时间
select last_load into v_last_load from rds.cdc_time;
truncate table rds.cdc_time;
insert into rds.cdc_time select v_last_load, v_cur_date;
-- 装载客户维度
insert into tds.customer_dim
(customer_number,
customer_name,
customer_street_address,
customer_zip_code,
customer_city,
customer_state,
shipping_address,
shipping_zip_code,
shipping_city,
shipping_state,
isdelete,
version,
effective_date)
select case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_number
else b_customer_number
end customer_number,
case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_name
else b_customer_name
end customer_name,
case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_street_address
else b_customer_street_address
end customer_street_address,
case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_zip_code
else b_customer_zip_code
end customer_zip_code,
case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_city
else b_customer_city
end customer_city,
case flag
when 'D' then a_customer_state
else b_customer_state
end customer_state,
case flag
when 'D' then a_shipping_address
else b_shipping_address
end shipping_address,
case flag
when 'D' then a_shipping_zip_code
else b_shipping_zip_code
end shipping_zip_code,
case flag
when 'D' then a_shipping_city
else b_shipping_city
end shipping_city,
case flag
when 'D' then a_shipping_state
else b_shipping_state
end shipping_state,
case flag
when 'D' then true
else false
end isdelete,
case flag
when 'D' then a_version
when 'I' then 1
else a_version + 1
end v,
v_pre_date
from (select a.customer_number a_customer_number,
a.customer_name a_customer_name,
a.customer_street_address a_customer_street_address,
a.customer_zip_code a_customer_zip_code,
a.customer_city a_customer_city,
a.customer_state a_customer_state,
a.shipping_address a_shipping_address,
a.shipping_zip_code a_shipping_zip_code,
a.shipping_city a_shipping_city,
a.shipping_state a_shipping_state,
a.version a_version,
b.customer_number b_customer_number,
b.customer_name b_customer_name,
b.customer_street_address b_customer_street_address,
b.customer_zip_code b_customer_zip_code,
b.customer_city b_customer_city,
b.customer_state b_customer_state,
b.shipping_address b_shipping_address,
b.shipping_zip_code b_shipping_zip_code,
b.shipping_city b_shipping_city,
b.shipping_state b_shipping_state,
case when a.customer_number is null then 'I'
when b.customer_number is null then 'D'
else 'U'
end flag
from v_customer_dim_latest a
full join rds.customer b on a.customer_number = b.customer_number
where a.customer_number is null -- 新增
or b.customer_number is null -- 删除
or (a.customer_number = b.customer_number
and not
(coalesce(a.customer_name,'') = coalesce(b.customer_name,'')
and coalesce(a.customer_street_address,'') = coalesce(b.customer_street_address,'')
and coalesce(a.customer_zip_code,0) = coalesce(b.customer_zip_code,0)
and coalesce(a.customer_city,'') = coalesce(b.customer_city,'')
and coalesce(a.customer_state,'') = coalesce(b.customer_state,'')
and coalesce(a.shipping_address,'') = coalesce(b.shipping_address,'')
and coalesce(a.shipping_zip_code,0) = coalesce(b.shipping_zip_code,0)
and coalesce(a.shipping_city,'') = coalesce(b.shipping_city,'')
and coalesce(a.shipping_state,'') = coalesce(b.shipping_state,'')
))) t
order by coalesce(a_customer_number, 999999999999), b_customer_number limit 999999999999;
-- 重载PA客户维度
truncate table pa_customer_dim;
insert into pa_customer_dim
select customer_sk,
customer_number,
customer_name,
customer_street_address,
customer_zip_code,
customer_city,
customer_state,
isdelete,
version,
effective_date,
shipping_address,
shipping_zip_code,
shipping_city,
shipping_state
from customer_dim
where customer_state = 'pa';
-- 装载产品维度
insert into tds.product_dim
(product_code,
product_name,
product_category,
isdelete,
version,
effective_date)
select case flag
when 'D' then a_product_code
else b_product_code
end product_code,
case flag
when 'D' then a_product_name
else b_product_name
end product_name,
case flag
when 'D' then a_product_category
else b_product_category
end product_category,
case flag
when 'D' then true
else false
end isdelete,
case flag
when 'D' then a_version
when 'I' then 1
else a_version + 1
end v,
v_pre_date
from (select a.product_code a_product_code,
a.product_name a_product_name,
a.product_category a_product_category,
a.version a_version,
b.product_code b_product_code,
b.product_name b_product_name,
b.product_category b_product_category,
case when a.product_code is null then 'I'
when b.product_code is null then 'D'
else 'U'
end flag
from v_product_dim_latest a
full join rds.product b on a.product_code = b.product_code
where a.product_code is null -- 新增
or b.product_code is null -- 删除
or (a.product_code = b.product_code
and not
(a.product_name = b.product_name
and a.product_category = b.product_category))) t
order by coalesce(a_product_code, 999999999999), b_product_code limit 999999999999;
-- 装载销售订单事实表
insert into sales_order_fact
select a.order_number,
customer_sk,
product_sk,
e.date_sk,
e.year * 100 + e.month,
order_amount,
order_quantity,
f.date_sk,
g.sales_order_attribute_sk
from rds.sales_order a,
v_customer_dim_his c,
v_product_dim_his d,
date_dim e,
date_dim f,
sales_order_attribute_dim g,
rds.cdc_time h
where a.customer_number = c.customer_number
and a.order_date >= c.effective_date
and a.order_date < c.expiry_date
and a.product_code = d.product_code
and a.order_date >= d.effective_date
and a.order_date < d.expiry_date
and date(a.order_date) = e.date
and date(a.request_delivery_date) = f.date
and a.verification_ind = g.verification_ind
and a.credit_check_flag = g.credit_check_flag
and a.new_customer_ind = g.new_customer_ind
and a.web_order_flag = g.web_order_flag
and a.entry_date >= h.last_load and a.entry_date < h.current_load;
-- 分析tds模式的表
analyze customer_dim;
analyze product_dim;
analyze sales_order_fact;
-- 更新时间戳表的last_load字段
truncate table rds.cdc_time;
insert into rds.cdc_time select v_cur_date, v_cur_date;
end;
$$
language plpgsql;- 装载rds.sales_order时增加了四个杂项属性。
- 装载事实表时，关联了sales_order_attribute_dim维度表，为事实表中装载杂项维度代理键。
五、测试
1. 准备测试数据
使用下面的脚本添加八个销售订单。use source;
drop table if exists temp_sales_order_data;
create table temp_sales_order_data as select * from sales_order where 1=0;
set @start_date := unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval -1 day));
set @end_date := unix_timestamp(current_date);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (1, 1, 1, 'y', 'y', 'n', 'y', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (2, 2, 2, 'n', 'n', 'n', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (3, 3, 3, 'y', 'y', 'n', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (4, 4, 4, 'y', 'n', 'n', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (5, 11, 1, 'n', 'y', 'y', 'y', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (6, 12, 2, 'n', 'y', 'y', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (7, 13, 3, 'y', 'y', 'y', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
set @order_date := from_unixtime(@start_date + rand() * (@end_date - @start_date));
set @request_delivery_date := from_unixtime(unix_timestamp(date_add(current_date, interval 5 day)) + rand() * 86400);
set @amount := floor(1000 + rand() * 9000);
set @quantity := floor(10 + rand() * 90);
insert into temp_sales_order_data
values (8, 14, 4, 'y', 'n', 'y', 'n', @order_date, @request_delivery_date, @order_date, @amount, @quantity);
insert into sales_order
select null,
customer_number,
product_code,
verification_ind,
credit_check_flag,
new_customer_ind,
web_order_flag,
order_date,
request_delivery_date,
entry_date,
order_amount,
order_quantity
from temp_sales_order_data t1
order by t1.order_date;
commit;2. 执行定期装载函数并查看结果
~/regular_etl.shselect round(cast(checked as float) / (checked + not_checked) * 100)||' % '
from (select
sum(case when credit_check_flag='y' then 1 else 0 end) checked,
sum(case when credit_check_flag='n' then 1 else 0 end) not_checked
from sales_order_fact a, sales_order_attribute_dim b
where new_customer_ind = 'y'
and a.sales_order_attribute_sk = b.sales_order_attribute_sk) t;
图2
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