2.4命令格式和基本命令介绍

COMMAND [OPTIONS…] [ARGUMENTS]
选项：用于启动或关闭命令的某个或某些功能
短选项：UNIX风格选项，例如 -l , -h
长选项：GNU风格，例如 --all , --human
BSD风格选项：一个字母，例如 a，使用相对较少
参数：命令的作用对象，比如用户名，文件名

	[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
	[root@localhost ~]# ls --all
	[root@localhost ~]# free -h
	[root@localhost ~]# free --human	

多个选项以及多个参数命令之间用空白字符分隔
取消和结束命令执行：CTRL+C , CTRL+D (logout）
多个命令可以用“；”符号分开

[root@localhost ~]# ls -l;free

一个命令可以用\分成多行

[root@localhost ~]# ls \
> -l

常见命令

1.查看cpu
	lscpu命令可以查看cpu信息
	cat /proc/cpuinfo也可以看到

[root@localhost ~]# lscpu
Architecture:        x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):      32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order:          Little Endian
CPU(s):              1
On-line CPU(s) list: 0
Thread(s) per core:  1
Core(s) per socket:  1
Socket(s):           1
NUMA node(s):        1
Vendor ID:           GenuineIntel
CPU family:          6
Model:               165

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo 
processor	: 0
vendor_id	: GenuineIntel
cpu family	: 6
model		: 165
model name	: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-10750H CPU @ 2.60GHz
stepping	: 2
microcode	: 0xc8
cpu MHz		: 2592.003
cache size	: 12288 KB

2.查看内存大小
	free
	cat /proc/meminfo也可以查看内存信息

[root@localhost ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:         809652      535176       60908        4408      213568      139632
Swap:       2097148      677632     1419516

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo 
MemTotal:         809652 kB
MemFree:           61004 kB
MemAvailable:     139728 kB
Buffers:              76 kB
Cached:           163344 kB
SwapCached:        50520 kB
Active:           214976 kB
Inactive:         192648 kB
Active(anon):     141376 kB
Inactive(anon):   107236 kB
Active(file):      73600 kB
Inactive(file):    85412 kB
Unevictable:           0 kB
Mlocked:               0 kB
SwapTotal:       2097148 kB
SwapFree:        1419516 kB
Dirty:                 0 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:        241484 kB

3.查看硬盘和分区情况
lsblk
cat /proc/partitions

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME        MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda           8:0    0   20G  0 disk 
├─sda1        8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2        8:2    0   19G  0 part 
  ├─cl-root 253:0    0   17G  0 lvm  /
  └─cl-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sr0          11:0    1  7.7G  0 rom  /run/media/root/CentOS-8-2-2004-x86_64-dvd

[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions 
major minor  #blocks  name

   8        0   20971520 sda
   8        1    1048576 sda1
   8        2   19921920 sda2
  11        0    8038400 sr0
 253        0   17821696 dm-0
 253        1    2097152 dm-1

4.查看内核版本
	uname -r

[root@localhost ~]# uname -r
4.18.0-193.el8.x86_64

5.查看操作系统发行版本,不同版本可能有差别
	cat /etc/redhed-release(针对centos版本)
	cat /etc/os-release

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 8.2.2004 (Core)

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/os-release 
NAME="CentOS Linux"
VERSION="8 (Core)"
ID="centos"
ID_LIKE="rhel fedora"
VERSION_ID="8"
PLATFORM_ID="platform:el8"
PRETTY_NAME="CentOS Linux 8 (Core)"
ANSI_COLOR="0;31"
CPE_NAME="cpe:/o:centos:centos:8"
HOME_URL="https://www.centos.org/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.centos.org/"

CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT="CentOS-8"
CENTOS_MANTISBT_PROJECT_VERSION="8"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT="centos"
REDHAT_SUPPORT_PRODUCT_VERSION="8"

6.日期和时间
	Linux的两种时钟：
		系统时钟：由Linux内核通过CPU的工作频率进行的
		硬件时钟：主板(clock)
	相关命令：date
		date +%Y
		date -d 061818002020

[root@localhost ~]# date +%Y
2020

[root@localhost ~]# date 061818002020
Thu Jun 18 18:00:00 CST 2020

clock , hwclock显示硬件时钟
		-s , --hctosys以硬件时钟为准，校正系统时钟
		-w , --systohc 以系统时钟为准，校正硬件时钟

[root@localhost ~]# date 061818002020
Thu Jun 18 18:00:00 CST 2020
[root@localhost ~]# date
Thu Jun 18 18:00:02 CST 2020
[root@localhost ~]# clock
2020-11-16 13:56:05.946817+08:00
[root@localhost ~]# clock -s
[root@localhost ~]# date
Mon Nov 16 14:03:25 CST 2020

查看时区
	cat /etc/localtime

[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/localtime 
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 35 Nov 15 17:35 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai

7.关机和重启
	关机
		halt
		poweroff
	重启
		reboot
			-f 强制，不调用shutdown
			-p 切断电源
			
	关机或重启：shutdown
		shutdown [OPTION] .. [TIME]   [MESSAGE]
			-r ,  reboot
			-h ,  halt
			-c ,  cancel
		TIME:无指定，默认相当于+1，（centos7）
			now:立刻，相当于+0
			+#：相对时间表示法，几分钟之后，例如+3
		hh:mm：绝对时间表示，指明具体时间

[root@localhost ~]# shutdown +10
Shutdown scheduled for Mon 2020-11-16 14:34:45 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel.