C++/CLI for C# programmer基本语法使用基本指南

该文涉及的内容如下：

• C++基本语法
• VS中创建C++项目
• VS C++项目属性介绍
• C++/CLI介绍
• VS中创建C++/CLI项目

C++基本语法

// cppclass.h
#ifndef _CPP_CLASS_H_
#define _CPP_CLASS_H_ 

#include <string> // 使用include包含头文件

namespace MyClassSpace                    // 定义命名空间
{
    class BaseClass                       // 定义一个类
    {
    public:                               // 声明共有部分
        BaseClass();                      // 构造函数
        BaseClass(const std::string& name);
        ~BaseClass();                     // 析构函数
        void PrintClassName();            // 类成员函数
        virtual void Execute();           // 类成员虚函数
    private:                              // 声明私有部分
        std::string m_name;               // 成员变量
    };

    class ChildClass : public BaseClass   // 继承一个类
    {
    public:
        ChildClass();
        ChildClass(const std::string& name);
        ~ChildClass();
        virtual void Execute();
    };
}

#endif

// cppclass.cpp

#include "cppclass.h"

#include <iostream>

namespace MyClassSpace
{
    BaseClass::BaseClass()                        // 构造函数实现
    {
        m_name = "base class";
    }

    BaseClass::BaseClass(const std::string& name) // 构造函数实现
    {
        m_name = name;
    }

    BaseClass::~BaseClass()                       // 析构函数实现
    {

    }

    void BaseClass::PrintClassName()
    {
       std::cout << "This class name is " << m_name << std::endl;
    }

    void BaseClass::Execute()
    {
        std::cout << "BaseClass::Execute" << std::endl;
    }

    ChildClass::ChildClass()                      // 构造函数，利用了基类的构造
    : BaseClass("child class")
    {

    }

    ChildClass::ChildClass(const std::string& name)
    : BaseClass(name)
    {

    }

    ChildClass::~ChildClass()
    {

    }

    void ChildClass::Execute()
    {
        std::cout << "ChildClass::Execute" << std::endl;
    }
}

// main.cpp
#include "cppclass.h"

using namespace MyClassSpace;           // 使用命名空间

int main()                              // 可执行程序的入口
{
    const int arraySize = 2;            // 常量定义
    BaseClass* classArray[arraySize];   // 指针的数组定义

    for (int i=0; i<arraySize; ++i)     // 循环
    {
        if (i == 0)                     // 条件判断
        {
            classArray[i] = new BaseClass(); // new一个实例
        }
        else
        {
            classArray[i] = new ChildClass(); // new一个实例
        }
    }

    // 输出的结果如下：
    // This class name is base class
    // BaseClass::Execute
    // This class name is child class
    // ChildClass::Execute
    for (int i=0; i<arraySize; ++i)
    {
        classArray[i]->PrintClassName();
        classArray[i]->Execute();
    }

    // 注意new出来的对象注意释放掉
    for (int i=0; i<arraySize; ++i)
    {
        if (classArray[i])
        {
            delete classArray[i];       // 释放new出来的对象
            classArray[i] = nullptr;
        }
    }

    return 0;                           // 函数返回值
}

VS中创建C++项目

• VS2010，File->New Project，选择Empty Project，填写name，如下图：

• 将上一节中的代码添加到该工程中

• 编译运行即可

VS C++常用项目属性介绍

通用属性

• Configuration: Active(Debug). 通常用来设定目标构建出来是Debug的还是Release的。该值可以在Configuration Manager中进行设定
• Platform: Active(Win32). 同来设定目标构建出来的是基于32bit平台还是64bit平台的。该值可以在Configuration Manager中进行设定
• General: 一些通用的设置，包括：
  • 输出目录
  • 中间结果的输出目录
  • 目标名字
  • 扩展
  • Configuration Type： exe，dll，or lib。
  • Use of MFC:是否需要使用MFC相关的库，通常不需要
  • Use of ATL: ATL介绍,通常也不需要
  • Character Set: Use Multi-Byte Character Set or Use Unicode Character Set,这个指的是，源代码编译成二进制的时候采用的编码，为内存编码。Unicode：一种所有字符都是用两个字节编码的编码模式；Multi-Byte：字节长度不是固定的。
  • Common Language Runtime Support: 是否使用通用语言运行时支持，在CLI一节中会给出介绍
  • Whole Program Optimization: 全局项目优化。

Debugging

此时需要关注的主要是Command，Command Arguments， Working Directory三项。

• Command指的是exe程序，如果工程生成的就是exe可执行文件，那么该项就默认为$(TargetPath)，如果生成的是dll程序，那么需要调试的时候，需要将该项设置成为载入当前dll的可执行文件。
• Command Arguments：指的是可执行文件需要传入的参数
• Working Directory：指的是可执行文件的工作目录，工作目录没有设置正确，启动调试的时候加载依赖的dll，可能会出错

C/C++ General

• Additional Include Directories: 设置外部依赖的include文件的目录
• Resolve #using Reference: 当使用clr进行编译的时候，用来指定#using "some.dll"的目录
• Debug Information Format：
  • /Z7: 生成的obj文件中包含所有的debug information，不会生成pdb文件；
  • /Zi：生成pdb文件来包含debug information，可以和/Gm Enable minimal rebuild一起使用，而/Z7则不能；
  • /ZI：通常情况下不适用该选项
• Common Language Runtime Support：clr相关
• Suppress Startup Banner：在编译的时候显示或不显示版本信息

• Warning Level:通常情况下设置为/W4
• Treat Warnings As Errors: 通常情况下设置为Yes
• Multi-processor Compilation: 通常设置为Yes
• Use Unicode For Assembler Listing: 与输出的汇编相关，不清楚其用途。

C/C++ Optimization

• Optimization: 代码优化控制
• Inline Function Expansion、Enable Intristic Function：内联函数相关
• Favor Size Or Speed：优先选择大小还是速度
• Omit Frame Pointer：涉及到汇编相关的解释，详细内容请跳转，http://www.cnblogs.com/awpatp/archive/2009/11/04/1595988.html
• Enable Fiber-Safe Optimizations: 不是很清楚，感兴趣的可以参见： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31042684/what-exactly-is-fiber-safe-optimizations-in-vc
• Whole Program Optimization: 整个程序的优化

一般情况下，上述的设置，保持默认即可。

C/C++ Preprocessor

• Preprocessor Definitions: 定义预定义的宏

#ifdef _TEST_
const bool test = true;   // 1
#else
const bool test = false;  // 2
#enif

针对于上面的示例代码，如果在该选项中，添加，_TEST_，那么会执行逻辑1，否者执行逻辑2.

• Undefine Preprocessor Definitions: 与上面正好相反

其他相关属性一般保持默认

C/C++ Code Generation

• Enable String Pooling: 如果启用该属性，那么下面代码中s和t指向的是相同的内存空间。

char *s = "This is a character buffer";
char *t = "This is a character buffer";

• Enable Minimal Rebuild: 启用后，当对应的头文件发生变化时，使用该头文件的cpp源文件才会被重新编译
• Enable C++ Exceptions: 对于c++异常抛出的设定
• Runtime Library: 生成release下的dll用/MD,debug下的dll用/MDd,relase下的exe用/MT,debug下的exe用/MTD

C/C++ Advanced

• Calling Convention: 函数调用约定，如果在使用第三方库的时候，两边的函数调用约定不同，那么生成的程序在运行的时候，可能会报第三方库调用到的函数堆栈异常的错误。具体见： https://blog.csdn.net/cnhk1225/article/details/53115381
• Disable Specific Warnings: 用来屏蔽特定的警告

Linker General

• Additional Library Directories: 额外的lib目录

Linker Input

• Additional Dependencies：用来设定依赖的lib文件

Linker Debugging

• Generate Debug Info: 是否需要产生debug信息，如果为false，那么在调试的时候由于找不到对应的debug相关的信息，就没法进行调试，如断点设置等。

Linker Advanced

• Import Library: 如果生成的是dll，如果需要将dll对应的lib文件输出到另外的文件夹中，那么就需要设定这个值。如..\$(TargetName).lib

Build Events

如果在程序进行build之前或之后需要执行一些命令，可以在这个选项中进行添加，如，在程序执行之前，生成proto对应的头文件和源文件等。

C++/CLI介绍

什么是C++/CLI

C++/CLI的链接

上图实现cli编译的obj文件和非cli编译的目标文件之间实现链接。

上图实现cli编译的obj文件和lib文件之间进行链接

 

上图实现cli编译的代码对非cli编译的dll的引用

C++/CLI基本语法

• 基本类型

 

从上表中可以发现，在C#里面不同命令空间，或类成员的方位使用的是.，在CLI中使用的是::。

• 托管内存

托管内存受到垃圾收集器进行释放管理。托管堆内存的申请使用关键字gcnew，如：System::String^ name = gcnew System::String(L'a', 10)，此处需要注意的是非托管类型不能使用gcnew来申请托管内存。在纯粹的c++中，指针对象是使用星号*标识，此处gcnew的到的对象是用^进行标识的。同时关键字nullptr也能够直接赋值给nameSystem::String^ name=nullptr;。

• System::String

System::String的操作与c#中String的操作基本保持一致。

String^ str = string::Empty;
str1 += "a";
str1 = str1 + "a";
str1 = String::Concat(str1, "a");
String^ str2 = str1->ToUpper();

• Managed Arrays

二维数组的定义如下：

array<int,2>^ arr = gcnew array<int,2>(2,2);
arr[0,0] = 1; arr[0,1] = 2;
arr[1,0] = 3; arr[1,1] = 4;

// managed type的对象数组
// array<System::String> a; 这种实现方式是非法的，应该为
array<System::String^> a;

• Stream-Based IO

 

// Read bytes from file
FileStream^ fs = gcnew FileStream("SampleFile.txt", FileMode::Open);
int bytesInFile = fs->Length;
array<Byte>^ bytes = gcnew array<Byte>(bytesInFile);
fs->Read(bytes, 0, bytesInFile);
String^ textInFile = Encoding::ASCII->GetString(bytes);

• Managed Exception Handling

 

StreamReader^ sr = gcnew StreamReader(arg);
try
{
    TextWriter^ tw = Console::Out;
    tw->WriteLine("File {0}", arg);
    DumpTextReader(sr, tw);
}
catch (Exception^ exc)
{
    // Do something
    throw;
}
finally
{
    sr->Close();
}

• Casting Managed Types

WebRequest^ req = GetWebRequestFromSomWhere();
if (dynamic_cast<FtpWebRequest^>(req) != nullptr)
{
    ;
}

• 自定义common type system（CTS）类型

 

// 此处使用ref class替代class
ref class ManagedReferenceType
{
    int aPrivateField;
public:
    void APublicFunction();
};

// 定义一个value type
public value class Point
{
    int x;
    int y;
public:
    Point(int x, int y);
};

gcnew array<V>(100); // V: value type
gcnew array<R^>(100); // R: ref type

• initonly

这个关键字和c#中的readonly的含义是相同的。

ref class MathConstants
{
public:
    static initonly double Pi = 3.1415926; // 直接初始化
}

VS中创建C++/CLI项目

• 新建项目

 

• 常见项目属性设置
  • Configuration Platform：选择平台，win32或者是x64
  • General - 自定义输出目录
  • C/C++ General: 设定额外的头文件目录
  • Linker General：设定额外的lib库目录
  • Linker Input：设置依赖的lib库

Other Resource

• <<Expert C++/CLI: .NET for Visual C++ Programmers>>
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