十、Python文件，异常，JSON

Python学习笔记

参考书目：《Python编程从入门到实践（第2版）》，[美] Eric Matthes，袁国忠译

十、文件和异常

1、从文件读取数据

1）读取文件

file_name= 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(file_name) as file_object:  # 关键字with在不再需要访问文件后将其关闭
    contents = file_object.read()  # 读取内容并将其作为字符串赋给contents
print(contents)

3.1415926535
    8979323846
    2643383279

# 逐行读取
with open(file_name) as file_object: 
    for line in file_object:
        print(line)  # 使用line.rstrip()可以消去空行

3.1415926535

    8979323846

    2643383279

2）将文件的各行储存在列表中

with open(file_name) as file_object: 
    lines = file_object.readlines()
    
for line in lines:
    print(line.rstrip())

3.1415926535
    8979323846
    2643383279

print(lines)

[‘3.1415926535\n’, ’ 8979323846\n’, ’ 2643383279’]

3）用字符串储存文件内容

pi_string = ' '
for line in lines:
    pi_string += line.strip()  # 必须提前定义，否则会出错
    
print(pi_string,len(pi_string))

3.141592653589793238462643383279 32

2、写入文件

python只能将字符串写入文本文件，若要储存数值数据，须先使用str()将其转换为字符串

1）写入空文件

filename = 'programming.txt'  # open()会自动创建文件

with open(filename,'w') as file_object:  # 实参'w'：写入模式。'r'：读取模式。'a'：附加模式。'r+'：读写模式。省略则默认只读模式
    file_object.write("I love programming.\n")  # 若指定文件已经存在，以写入模式('w')打开时，python将清空该文件的内容
    file_object.write("And you? \n")

with open(filename) as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)

I love programming.
And you?

2）附加到文件

with open(filename,'a') as file_object:  # 附加模式（'a'）给文件添加内容，而不是覆盖
    file_object.write("I also like it. \n")

with open(filename) as file_object:
    contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)

I love programming.
And you?
I also like it.

3、异常

处理ZeroDivisionError异常

print(5/0)  

ZeroDivisionError                               Traceback (most recent call last)
~\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_19396\542782178.py in
        1 # 处理ZeroDivisionError异常
----> 2 print(5/0)

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

try:  # try-except代码块
    print(5/0) 
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")

You can’t divide by zero!

try:  # 存放可能引发异常的语句
    answer = 5/2
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("You can't divide by zero!")
else:  # else代码块，try成功执行时运行
    print(answer)

2.5

pass语句可以让python什么都不做

4、储存数据

模块json能够将简单的python数据结构转储到文件中，并在程序再次运行时加载该文件中的数据。
json.dump()储存和json.load()读取，可以实现在程序之间共享数据。

JSON（JavaScrip Object Notation）格式最初是为JavaScript开发的，但随后被包括python在内的众多语言采用。

import json

numbers = [2,3,5,7,11,13]

filename = 'numbers.json'  # 注意扩展名
with open(filename,'w') as f:
    json.dump(numbers,f)  # json.dump()用来储存

with open(filename) as f:
    num = json.load(f)  # # json.load()用来加载
print(num)

[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13]