C语言结构体

C语言结构体

一、结构体基础知识

1.结构体类型的定义

2.结构体变量的定义

3.结构体变量的初始化

4.结构体成员的使用

5.结构体赋值

赋值基本概念

深拷贝和浅拷贝

6.结构体数组

struct Person{
	char name[64];
	int age;
};

void test(){
	//在栈上分配空间
	struct Person p1[3] = {
		{ "John", 30 },
		{ "Obama", 33 },
		{ "Edward", 25}
	};

	struct Person p2[3] = { "John", 30, "Obama", 33, "Edward", 25 };
	for (int i = 0; i < 3;i ++){
		printf("Name:%s Age:%d\n",p1[i].name,p1[i].age);
	}
	printf("-----------------\n");
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
		printf("Name:%s Age:%d\n", p2[i].name, p2[i].age);
	}
	printf("-----------------\n");
	//在堆上分配结构体数组
	struct Person* p3 = (struct Person*)malloc(sizeof(struct Person) * 3);
	for (int i = 0; i < 3;i++){
		sprintf(p3[i].name, "Name_%d", i + 1);
		p3[i].age = 20 + i;
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
		printf("Name:%s Age:%d\n", p3[i].name, p3[i].age);
	}
}

二、结构体嵌套指针

1.结构体嵌套一级指针

struct Person{
	char* name;
	int age;
};

void allocate_memory(struct Person** person){
	if (person == NULL){
		return;
	}
	struct Person* temp = (struct Person*)malloc(sizeof(struct Person));
	if (temp == NULL){
		return;
	}
	//给name指针分配内存
	temp->name = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char)* 64);
	strcpy(temp->name, "John");
	temp->age = 100;

	*person = temp;
}

void print_person(struct Person* person){
	printf("Name:%s Age:%d\n",person->name,person->age);
}

void free_memory(struct Person** person){
	if (person == NULL){
		return;
	}
	struct Person* temp = *person;
	if (temp->name != NULL){
		free(temp->name);
		temp->name = NULL;
	}

	free(temp);
}

void test(){
	
	struct Person* p = NULL;
	allocate_memory(&p);
	print_person(p);
	free_memory(&p);
}

2.结构体嵌套二级指针

//一个老师有N个学生
typedef struct _TEACHER{
	char name[64];
	char** students;
}Teacher;

void create_teacher(Teacher** teacher,int n,int m){

	if (teacher == NULL){
		return;
	}

	//创建老师数组
	Teacher* teachers = (Teacher*)malloc(sizeof(Teacher)* n);
	if (teachers == NULL){
		return;
	}

	//给每一个老师分配学生
	int num = 0;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++){
		sprintf(teachers[i].name, "老师_%d", i + 1);
		teachers[i].students = (char**)malloc(sizeof(char*) * m);
		for (int j = 0; j < m;j++){
			teachers[i].students[j] = malloc(64);
			sprintf(teachers[i].students[j], "学生_%d", num + 1);
			num++;
		}
	}

	*teacher = teachers;	
}

void print_teacher(Teacher* teacher,int n,int m){
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++){
		printf("%s:\n", teacher[i].name);
		for (int j = 0; j < m;j++){
			printf("  %s",teacher[i].students[j]);
		}
		printf("\n");
	}
}

void free_memory(Teacher** teacher,int n,int m){
	if (teacher == NULL){
		return;
	}

	Teacher* temp = *teacher;

	for (int i = 0; i < n; i ++){
		
		for (int j = 0; j < m;j ++){
			free(temp[i].students[j]);
			temp[i].students[j] = NULL;
		}

		free(temp[i].students);
		temp[i].students = NULL;
	}

	free(temp);

}

void test(){
	
	Teacher* p = NULL;
	create_teacher(&p,2,3);
	print_teacher(p, 2, 3);
	free_memory(&p,2,3);
}

三、结构体成员偏移量

//一旦结构体定义下来，则结构体中的成员内存布局就定下了
#include <stddef.h>
struct Teacher
{
	char a;
	int b;
};

void test01(){

	struct Teacher  t1;
	struct Teacher*p = &t1;


	int offsize1 = (int)&(p->b) - (int)p;  //成员b 相对于结构体 Teacher的偏移量
	int offsize2 = offsetof(struct Teacher, b);

	printf("offsize1:%d \n", offsize1); //打印b属性对于首地址的偏移量
	printf("offsize2:%d \n", offsize2);
}

四、结构体字节对齐

1.内存对齐

内存对齐原因

如何内存对齐

2.内存对齐案例

#pragma pack(4)

typedef struct _STUDENT{
	int a;
	char b;
	double c;
	float d;
}Student;

typedef struct _STUDENT2{
	char a;
	Student b; 
	double c;
}Student2;

void test01(){

	//Student
	//a从偏移量0位置开始存储
	//b从4位置开始存储
	//c从8位置开始存储
	//d从12位置开存储
	//所以Student内部对齐之后的大小为20 ，整体对齐，整体为最大类型的整数倍 也就是8的整数倍 为24

	printf("sizeof Student:%d\n",sizeof(Student));

	//Student2 
	//a从偏移量为0位置开始 
	//b从偏移量为Student内部最大成员整数倍开始，也就是8开始
	//c从8的整数倍地方开始,也就是32开始
	//所以结构体Sutdnet2内部对齐之后的大小为：40 ， 由于结构体中最大成员为8，必须为8的整数倍 所以大小为40
	printf("sizeof Student2:%d\n", sizeof(Student2));
}