JDBC设计分析(以MySQL为示例数据库)

研究JDBC架构下，如何与数据库协调工作(以MySQL为例)

JDBC如何连接数据库

只需要Class.forName一句话即可完成Mysql数据库驱动加载。
(jdk1.6以后，无需这句话即可加载驱动，jdbc通过SPI机制完成机制，后面会简单介绍)

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(...)

JDBC(SQL)类图

JDBC加载数据库驱动的时序图

获取数据库连接的时序图

分析

JDBC让用户能够利用类加载(Class.forName), 一句话来完成数据库的记载，同时通过java.sql.Driver和java.sql.Connection规定的数据库和连接的行为。理解了JDBC的实现方式，有利于我们自己的程序架构的设计。

SPI(Service Provider Interface)

• @since 1.6
  ServiceLoader
  从jdk1.6引入的ServiceLoader, 可以自动完成实现了指定Inteface的类的加载。DriverManager利用了该设计，从而让jdk1.6以后的数据库驱动加载完全自动化。用户代码只需要DriverMananger.getConnection就可以得到数据库连接。
  关键代码如下：

java.sql.DriverManager
    /*
     * Load the initial JDBC drivers by checking the System property
     * jdbc.drivers and then use the {@code ServiceLoader} mechanism
     */
    private static void ensureDriversInitialized() {
    ...
    // If the driver is packaged as a Service Provider, load it.
            // Get all the drivers through the classloader
            // exposed as a java.sql.Driver.class service.
            // ServiceLoader.load() replaces the sun.misc.Providers()

            AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
                public Void run() {

                    ServiceLoader<Driver> loadedDrivers = ServiceLoader.load(Driver.class);
                    Iterator<Driver> driversIterator = loadedDrivers.iterator();

                    /* Load these drivers, so that they can be instantiated.
                     * It may be the case that the driver class may not be there
                     * i.e. there may be a packaged driver with the service class
                     * as implementation of java.sql.Driver but the actual class
                     * may be missing. In that case a java.util.ServiceConfigurationError
                     * will be thrown at runtime by the VM trying to locate
                     * and load the service.
                     *
                     * Adding a try catch block to catch those runtime errors
                     * if driver not available in classpath but it's
                     * packaged as service and that service is there in classpath.
                     */
                    try {
                        while (driversIterator.hasNext()) {
                            driversIterator.next(); // 会加载实现了java.sql.Driver的MySQL的类，从而完成数据库驱动的安装
                        }
                    } catch (Throwable t) {
                        // Do nothing
                    }
                    return null;
                }
            });

SPI的java.sql.Driver服务接口的全限定类名：
mysql-connector-java-5.1.49.jar\META-INF\services\java.sql.Driver
文件内容

com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
com.mysql.fabric.jdbc.FabricMySQLDriver

因此，上述两个类会自动加载，实现数据库驱动的安装。