java流缓冲区问题

听着张孝祥老师关于缓冲区知识的课，发现还是有一些没有掌握，动手试了一下，果然发现了问题。

先讲一下关于java缓冲区的知识，应用程序和IO设备之间存在一个缓冲区，一般流是没有缓冲区的，但是如果存在缓冲区，就会发现很大的问题。

错误代码如下：为了确保问题发生，我使用了BufferedOutputStream，使得手动构造出了一个缓冲区。

import java.io.*;
public class Test {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
		DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(
							new BufferedOutputStream(
							new FileOutputStream("1.txt")));
		out.writeChars("hello");
		FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("1.txt");
		int len = in.available();
		byte[] b = new byte[len];
		int actlen = in.read(b);
		String str = new String(b);
		System.out.println(str);
		
	}	
}

发现什么问题了吗？ 

因为如果没有缓冲区，应用程序每次IO都要和设备进行通信，效率很低，因此缓冲区为了提高效率，当写入设备时，先写入缓冲区，等到缓冲区有足够多的数据时，就整体写入设备。这就是问题所在，上个例子中，当我们写入hello时，由于hello占用空间很小，所以暂时存放在缓冲区中，后来输入流想要从文件中读取，但是由于文件中没有字节，所以不能读取hello。

这里，解决方法很简单，只要调用out.flush() 或者out.close()即可，这是把缓冲区的数据手动写入文件。

正确代码如下：

import java.io.*;
public class Test {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
		DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(
							new BufferedOutputStream(
							new FileOutputStream("1.txt")));
		out.writeChars("hello");
		out.close();//inserted
		FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("1.txt");
		int len = in.available();
		byte[] b = new byte[len];
		int actlen = in.read(b);
		String str = new String(b);
		System.out.println(str);
		
	}	
}

接下来又是我遇到的一个例子，这个例子也很明显的反应出缓冲区的问题。

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class StringTokenizerTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Employee[] e = new Employee[3];
        e[0] = new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
        e[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
        e[2] = new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);
        try {
            PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter("1.txt"));
            writeData(e, out);
            // out.close();**********************************************************************
        } catch (Exception e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println("*******是否要读取数据？********");
        Scanner in1 = new Scanner(System.in);
        String yes = in1.nextLine();
        if (yes.equalsIgnoreCase("YES")) {
            try {
                BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("1.txt"));
                Employee[] result = readData(in);
                for (int i = 0; i < result.length; i++)
                    System.out.println(result[i]);
                in.close();
            } catch (Exception e2) {
                e2.printStackTrace();
            }
        }

    }

    public static Employee[] readData(BufferedReader in) throws IOException {
        int length = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
        Employee[] e = new Employee[length];
        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            String line = in.readLine();
            StringTokenizer token = new StringTokenizer(line, "|");
            String name = token.nextToken();
            double salary = Double.parseDouble(token.nextToken());
            int year = Integer.parseInt(token.nextToken());
            int month = Integer.parseInt(token.nextToken());
            int day = Integer.parseInt(token.nextToken());
            e[i] = new Employee(name, salary, year, month, day);
        }
        return e;
    }

    public static void writeData(Employee[] e, PrintWriter out) {
        out.println(e.length);
        for (int i = 0; i < e.length; i++) {
            String name = e[i].getName();
            double salary = e[i].getSalary();
            Date date = e[i].getHireDay();
            Calendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
            c.setTime(date);
            int year = c.get(Calendar.YEAR);
            int month = c.get(Calendar.MONTH) + 1;
            int day = c.get(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH);
            out.println(name + "|" + salary + "|" + year + "|" + month + "|"
                    + day);

        }
        System.out.println("********写入数据完毕********");
    }

}

class Employee {
    public Employee(String n, double s, int year, int month, int day) {
        name = n;
        salary = s;
        GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day);
        hireDay = calendar.getTime();
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public double getSalary() {
        return salary;
    }

    public Date getHireDay() {
        return hireDay;
    }

    public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) {
        double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
        salary += raise;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary
                + ",hireDay=" + hireDay + "]";
    }

    private String name;

    private double salary;

    private Date hireDay;
}

结果是没有向文件写入任何数据，为什么呢？

唯一的错误就在main方法中没有调用out.close()，把数据从缓冲区刷新到文件。因此用完资源即时关闭是很重要的。