常用包

https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html

Built-in Functions
Built-in Constants
Built-in Types
Built-in Exceptions
Text Processing Services 文本处理
    string
    re
    difflib
    textwrap
    unicodedata
    stringprep
    readline
    rlcompleter
Binary Data Services 进制
    struct
    codecs
Data Types
    datetime — Basic date and time types
    calendar — General calendar-related functions
    collections — Container datatypes
    collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
    heapq — Heap queue algorithm
    bisect — Array bisection algorithm
    array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
    weakref — Weak references
    types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
    copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
    pprint — Data pretty printer
    reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
    enum — Support for enumerations
Numeric and Mathematical Modules 数学计算
    numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
    math — Mathematical functions
    cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
    fractions — Rational numbers
    random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
    statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
Functional Programming Modules
    itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
    functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
    operator — Standard operators as functions
File and Directory Access 文件与目录访问
    pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
    os.path — Common pathname manipulations
    fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    stat — Interpreting stat() results
    filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
    tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
    glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
    linecache — Random access to text lines
    shutil — High-level file operations
    macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
Data Persistence 数据持久存储
    pickle — Python object serialization
    copyreg — Register pickle support functions
    shelve — Python object persistence
    marshal — Internal Python object serialization
    dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
    sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
Data Compression and Archiving 数据压缩与归档
    zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
    gzip — Support for gzip files
    bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
    lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
    zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
    tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
File Formats 文件格式
    csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
    configparser — Configuration file parser
    netrc — netrc file processing
    xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
    plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
15. Cryptographic Services 加密
    hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
    hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
    secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
Generic Operating System Services 常规系统操作
    os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
    io — Core tools for working with streams
    time — Time access and conversions
    argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
    getopt — C-style parser for command line options
    logging — Logging facility for Python
    logging.config — Logging configuration
    logging.handlers — Logging handlers
    getpass — Portable password input
    curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
    curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
    curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
    curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
    platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
    errno — Standard errno system symbols
    ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
Concurrent Execution 并发
    threading — Thread-based parallelism
    multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
    The concurrent package
    concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
    subprocess — Subprocess management
    sched — Event scheduler
    queue — A synchronized queue class
    dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
    _thread — Low-level threading API
    _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
Interprocess Communication and Networking 进程通信和网络
    socket — Low-level networking interface
    ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
    select — Waiting for I/O completion
    selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing
    asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
    asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
    asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
    signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
    mmap — Memory-mapped file support
Internet Data Handling  Internet数据处理
    email — An email and MIME handling package
    json — JSON encoder and decoder
    mailcap — Mailcap file handling
    mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
    mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
    base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
    binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
    binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
    quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
    uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
Structured Markup Processing Tools 标记处理
    html — HyperText Markup Language support
    html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
    html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
    XML Processing Modules
    xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
    xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
    xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
    xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
    xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
    xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
    xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
    xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
    xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
Internet Protocols and Support IP支持
    webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
    cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
    cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
    wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
    urllib — URL handling modules
    urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
    urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
    urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
    urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
    urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
    http — HTTP modules
    http.client — HTTP protocol client
    ftplib — FTP protocol client
    poplib — POP3 protocol client
    imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
    nntplib — NNTP protocol client
    smtplib — SMTP protocol client
    smtpd — SMTP Server
    telnetlib — Telnet client
    uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
    socketserver — A framework for network servers
    http.server — HTTP servers
    http.cookies — HTTP state management
    http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
    xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
    xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
    xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
    ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
Multimedia Services 多媒体
    audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
    aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
    wave — Read and write WAV files
    chunk — Read IFF chunked data
    colorsys — Conversions between color systems
    imghdr — Determine the type of an image
    sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
    ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
Internationalization 国际化
    gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
    locale — Internationalization services
Program Frameworks 程序框架
    turtle — Turtle graphics
    cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
    shlex — Simple lexical analysis
    Graphical User Interfaces with Tk   GUI
    tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
    tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
    tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
    tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
    IDLE
    Other Graphical User Interface Packages
Development Tools 开发工具
    typing — Support for type hints
    pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
    doctest — Test interactive Python examples
    unittest — Unit testing framework
    unittest.mock — mock object library
    unittest.mock — getting started
    2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
    test — Regression tests package for Python
    test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
Debugging and Profiling 调试与性能
    bdb — Debugger framework
    faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
    pdb — The Python Debugger
    The Python Profilers
    timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
    trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
    tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
Software Packaging and Distribution 软件发布
    distutils — Building and installing Python modules
    ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
    venv — Creation of virtual environments
    zipapp — Manage executable python zip archives
Python Runtime Services 环境
    sys — System-specific parameters and functions
    sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
    builtins — Built-in objects
    __main__ — Top-level script environment
    warnings — Warning control
    contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
    abc — Abstract Base Classes
    atexit — Exit handlers
    traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    __future__ — Future statement definitions
    gc — Garbage Collector interface
    inspect — Inspect live objects
    site — Site-specific configuration hook
    fpectl — Floating point exception control
Custom Python Interpreters 定制Python解释器
    code — Interpreter base classes
    codeop — Compile Python code
Importing Modules 导入模块
    zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
    pkgutil — Package extension utility
    modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
    runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
    importlib — The implementation of import
Python Language Services 语法
    parser — Access Python parse trees
    ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
    symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
    symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
    token — Constants used with Python parse trees
    keyword — Testing for Python keywords
    tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
    tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
    pyclbr — Python class browser support
    py_compile — Compile Python source files
    compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
    dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
    pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
Miscellaneous Services 多样性
    formatter — Generic output formatting
MS Windows Specific Services
    msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
    msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
    winreg — Windows registry access
    winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
Unix Specific Services
    posix — The most common POSIX system calls
    pwd — The password database
    spwd — The shadow password database
    grp — The group database
    crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
    termios — POSIX style tty control
    tty — Terminal control functions
    pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
    fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
    pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
    resource — Resource usage information
    nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
    syslog — Unix syslog library routines
Superseded Modules
    optparse — Parser for command line options
    imp — Access the import internals
Undocumented Modules
    Platform specific modules

calendar

日历

import calendar

print(type(calendar.calendar(2018)))
print(calendar.calendar(2018)) #返回2018年日历

print(calendar.isleap(2000)) #判断某一年是否是闰年

print(calendar.leapdays(1999,2001)) #判断年份之间闰年数量，年份范围[1999,2001)

print(calendar.month(2018,3)) #返回2018年3月日历
print(calendar.monthrange(2018,3))
print(calendar.monthcalendar(2018,3))

calendar.prcal(2018)    #直接打印2018年日历
calendar.prmonth(2018, 3)   #直接打印2018年3月日历
calendar.weekday(2018, 3, 27) #返回指定日期对应周几

time

时间戳
    从1970年1月1日0时0分0秒到现在经过的秒数
    不能表示1970之前的时间，或者未来太久远的时间
    32位系统只能支持到2038年
    最常用来表示当前时间
UTC时间
    世界标准时间
    中国时间 UTC+8 东八区
夏令时
时间元组
    一个包含时间内容的元组     

import time

print(type(time.timezone))
print(time.timezone) #返回时区
print(type(time.time()))
print(time.time()) #返回当前时间戳
print(type(time.localtime()))
print(time.localtime()) #localtime()返回当前时间的时间结构
print(type(time.asctime()))
print(time.asctime()) #返回当前时间，字符串
print(type(time.ctime()))
print(time.ctime()) #返回当前时间，字符串
time.sleep(2) #程序睡眠2秒
#help(time.strftime)
print(time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H%M%S', time.localtime()))

    %Y  Year with century as a decimal number.
    %m  Month as a decimal number [01,12].
    %d  Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].
    %H  Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].
    %M  Minute as a decimal number [00,59].
    %S  Second as a decimal number [00,61].
    %z  Time zone offset from UTC.
    %a  Locale's abbreviated weekday name.
    %A  Locale's full weekday name.
    %b  Locale's abbreviated month name.
    %B  Locale's full month name.
    %c  Locale's appropriate date and time representation.
    %I  Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].
    %p  Locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.

datetime

import datetime

t1 = datetime.date(2018, 3, 27)
print(type(t1))
print(t1)
print(t1.day)
print(t1.month)
print(t1.year)

timeit

时间测量工具

import timeit

help(timeit.timeit)
c1 = '''
sum = []
for i in range(1000):
    sum.append(i)
'''

c2 = '[i for i in range(1000)]'

t1 = timeit.timeit(stmt=c1, number=100000)
t2 = timeit.timeit(stmt=c2, number=100000)
print(t1)
print(t2)

os

shutil

zip

math

string