python 常用包总结

1、  Import 函数 from 库,往后可以直接使用  函数  import库,要使用函数则需 库.函数。

2、  %matplotlib inline是jupyter notebook里的命令, 意思是将那些用matplotlib绘制的图显示在页面里而不是弹出一个窗口

3、  用图形表示回归效果可以采用横坐标为实际值,纵坐标为预测值(采用横坐标的标定作为标定)则预测点越集中在y=x坐标线上则回归预测效果越好。

4、  安装,http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#opencv提供各种包whl文件。安装whl文件需要设置环境变量为D:\SOFT\Python27\Scripts,  pip install whl提示安装成功。回到包所在文件打开cmd窗口输入pip install 包名,安装包。使用 import 包名测试是否安装成功。

5、  Numpy包:  numpy数组切片的修改直接反映到原数组,但是列表对切片的修改不反应到原数组。建立多维数组  np.arange(1,10).reshape(3,3)

Numpy.array创建一个矩阵a,并对矩阵进行计算最大a.max(),最小,平均数a.mean()。也可以按行处理a.max(axis=1),计算某行数据的最大,最小以及平均数。遍历前两行的第二列。三维可以理解为一个数字组成的立方块。

Numpy支持对多维数组的翻转等操作,求和,计算三角函数,多次方求和以及SVD分解等多种操作。以及随机函数模块。Numpy.random

 

6、  Matplotlib处理数据可视化的包,利用numpy强大的运算能力结合matplotlib使用;使用matplotlib画散点图步骤,第一种使用scatter(x,y),系统自动建立坐标系,第二种使用plot(x,y)系统也是自动建立坐标系,plot函数默认画连线图。比较,scatter比plot适合画散点图。

7、  Pandas是一个为解决python数据分析而用的包,可以快速构建数据结构。

8、 scikit-learn简称sklearn,在导入数据包时只能使用import sklearn。

线性回归函数采用最小二乘函数拟合。给定n个参数及其对应的x值以及应该输出的y。训练相关参数的值,再用这个参数给出线性方程预测未知y的值。函数调用方法,先创建一个引用,给定训练值。利用训练模型去预测测试集。

Kmeans:plot 是做折线图,也可以做散点图;scatter专门做散点图。在数据处理的时候要明确转变成数值型,不然会出现莫名现象Kmeans使用方法,首先创建KMeans模型,然后加载数据返回数据分类结果。

9、 request:网络爬虫相关包,可以伪装成浏览器,躲过服务器审查。

This is Python version 3.1.5 ============================ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Python 3.x is a new version of the language, which is incompatible with the 2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details, especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been removed. Build Instructions ------------------ On Unix, Linux, BSD, OSX, and Cygwin: ./configure make make test sudo make install This will install Python as python3. You can pass many options to the configure script; run "./configure --help" to find out more. On OSX and Cygwin, the executable is called python.exe; elsewhere it's just python. On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin. On Windows, see PCbuild/readme.txt. If you wish, you can create a subdirectory and invoke configure from there. For example: mkdir debug cd debug ../configure --with-pydebug make make test (This will fail if you *also* built at the top-level directory. You should do a "make clean" at the toplevel first.) What's New ---------- We try to have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the "What's New in Python 3.1" document, found at http://docs.python.org/3.1/whatsnew/3.1.html For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS (though this file, too, is incomplete, and also doesn't list anything merged in from the 2.7 release under development). If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below entitled "Installing multiple versions". Documentation ------------- Documentation for Python 3.1 is online, updated twice a day: http://docs.python.org/3.1/ All documentation is also available online at the Python web site (http://docs.python.org/, see below). It is available online for occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PostScript, PDF, LaTeX (through 2.5), and reStructuredText (2.6+) formats; the LaTeX and reStructuredText versions are primarily for documentation authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements. Converting From Python 2.x to 3.x --------------------------------- Python starting with 2.6 will contain features to help locating code that needs to be changed, such as optional warnings when deprecated features are used, and backported versions of certain key Python 3.x features. A source-to-source translation tool, "2to3", can take care of the mundane task of converting large amounts of source code. It is not a complete solution but is complemented by the deprecation warnings in 2.6. See http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/2to3.html for more information. Testing ------- To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory. This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6. By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and memory. To enable these tests, run "make testall". IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the failing test manually, as follows: ./python Lib/test/regrtest.py -v test_whatever (substituting the top of the source tree for '.' if you built in a different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode. Installing multiple versions ---------------------------- On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python using the same installation prefix (--prefix argument to the configure script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and directories installed using "make altinstall" contain the major and minor version and can thus live side-by-side. "make install" also creates ${prefix}/bin/python3 which refers to ${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y. If you intend to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using "make install". Install all other versions using "make altinstall". For example, if you want to install Python 2.5, 2.6 and 3.0 with 2.6 being the primary version, you would execute "make install" in your 2.6 build directory and "make altinstall" in the others. Issue Tracker and Mailing List ------------------------------ We're soliciting bug reports about all aspects of the language. Fixes are also welcome, preferable in unified diff format. Please use the issue tracker: http://bugs.python.org/ If you're not sure whether you're dealing with a bug or a feature, use the mailing list: python-dev@python.org To subscribe to the list, use the mailman form: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/ Proposals for enhancement ------------------------- If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the comp.lang.python or python-ideas mailing lists for inital feedback. A Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at http://www.python.org/dev/peps/. Release Schedule ---------------- See PEP 375 for release details: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0375/ Copyright and License Information --------------------------------- Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. This Python distribution contains *no* GNU General Public License (GPL) code, so it may be used in proprietary projects. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely optional. All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective holders.
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