python 常用包总结

1、  Import 函数 from 库,往后可以直接使用  函数  import库,要使用函数则需 库.函数。

2、  %matplotlib inline是jupyter notebook里的命令, 意思是将那些用matplotlib绘制的图显示在页面里而不是弹出一个窗口

3、  用图形表示回归效果可以采用横坐标为实际值,纵坐标为预测值(采用横坐标的标定作为标定)则预测点越集中在y=x坐标线上则回归预测效果越好。

4、  安装,http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#opencv提供各种包whl文件。安装whl文件需要设置环境变量为D:\SOFT\Python27\Scripts,  pip install whl提示安装成功。回到包所在文件打开cmd窗口输入pip install 包名,安装包。使用 import 包名测试是否安装成功。

5、  Numpy包:  numpy数组切片的修改直接反映到原数组,但是列表对切片的修改不反应到原数组。建立多维数组  np.arange(1,10).reshape(3,3)

Numpy.array创建一个矩阵a,并对矩阵进行计算最大a.max(),最小,平均数a.mean()。也可以按行处理a.max(axis=1),计算某行数据的最大,最小以及平均数。遍历前两行的第二列。三维可以理解为一个数字组成的立方块。

Numpy支持对多维数组的翻转等操作,求和,计算三角函数,多次方求和以及SVD分解等多种操作。以及随机函数模块。Numpy.random

 

6、  Matplotlib处理数据可视化的包,利用numpy强大的运算能力结合matplotlib使用;使用matplotlib画散点图步骤,第一种使用scatter(x,y),系统自动建立坐标系,第二种使用plot(x,y)系统也是自动建立坐标系,plot函数默认画连线图。比较,scatter比plot适合画散点图。

7、  Pandas是一个为解决python数据分析而用的包,可以快速构建数据结构。

8、 scikit-learn简称sklearn,在导入数据包时只能使用import sklearn。

线性回归函数采用最小二乘函数拟合。给定n个参数及其对应的x值以及应该输出的y。训练相关参数的值,再用这个参数给出线性方程预测未知y的值。函数调用方法,先创建一个引用,给定训练值。利用训练模型去预测测试集。

Kmeans:plot 是做折线图,也可以做散点图;scatter专门做散点图。在数据处理的时候要明确转变成数值型,不然会出现莫名现象Kmeans使用方法,首先创建KMeans模型,然后加载数据返回数据分类结果。

9、 request:网络爬虫相关包,可以伪装成浏览器,躲过服务器审查。

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This is Python version 3.1.5 ============================ Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Python 3.x is a new version of the language, which is incompatible with the 2.x line of releases. The language is mostly the same, but many details, especially how built-in objects like dictionaries and strings work, have changed considerably, and a lot of deprecated features have finally been removed. Build Instructions ------------------ On Unix, Linux, BSD, OSX, and Cygwin: ./configure make make test sudo make install This will install Python as python3. You can pass many options to the configure script; run "./configure --help" to find out more. On OSX and Cygwin, the executable is called python.exe; elsewhere it's just python. On Mac OS X, if you have configured Python with --enable-framework, you should use "make frameworkinstall" to do the installation. Note that this installs the Python executable in a place that is not normally on your PATH, you may want to set up a symlink in /usr/local/bin. On Windows, see PCbuild/readme.txt. If you wish, you can create a subdirectory and invoke configure from there. For example: mkdir debug cd debug ../configure --with-pydebug make make test (This will fail if you *also* built at the top-level directory. You should do a "make clean" at the toplevel first.) What's New ---------- We try to have a comprehensive overview of the changes in the "What's New in Python 3.1" document, found at http://docs.python.org/3.1/whatsnew/3.1.html For a more detailed change log, read Misc/NEWS (though this file, too, is incomplete, and also doesn't list anything merged in from the 2.7 release under development). If you want to install multiple versions of Python see the section below entitled "Installing multiple versions". Documentation ------------- Documentation for Python 3.1 is online, updated twice a day: http://docs.python.org/3.1/ All documentation is also available online at the Python web site (http://docs.python.org/, see below). It is available online for occasional reference, or can be downloaded in many formats for faster access. The documentation is downloadable in HTML, PostScript, PDF, LaTeX (through 2.5), and reStructuredText (2.6+) formats; the LaTeX and reStructuredText versions are primarily for documentation authors, translators, and people with special formatting requirements. Converting From Python 2.x to 3.x --------------------------------- Python starting with 2.6 will contain features to help locating code that needs to be changed, such as optional warnings when deprecated features are used, and backported versions of certain key Python 3.x features. A source-to-source translation tool, "2to3", can take care of the mundane task of converting large amounts of source code. It is not a complete solution but is complemented by the deprecation warnings in 2.6. See http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/2to3.html for more information. Testing ------- To test the interpreter, type "make test" in the top-level directory. This runs the test set twice (once with no compiled files, once with the compiled files left by the previous test run). The test set produces some output. You can generally ignore the messages about skipped tests due to optional features which can't be imported. If a message is printed about a failed test or a traceback or core dump is produced, something is wrong. On some Linux systems (those that are not yet using glibc 6), test_strftime fails due to a non-standard implementation of strftime() in the C library. Please ignore this, or upgrade to glibc version 6. By default, tests are prevented from overusing resources like disk space and memory. To enable these tests, run "make testall". IMPORTANT: If the tests fail and you decide to mail a bug report, *don't* include the output of "make test". It is useless. Run the failing test manually, as follows: ./python Lib/test/regrtest.py -v test_whatever (substituting the top of the source tree for '.' if you built in a different directory). This runs the test in verbose mode. Installing multiple versions ---------------------------- On Unix and Mac systems if you intend to install multiple versions of Python using the same installation prefix (--prefix argument to the configure script) you must take care that your primary python executable is not overwritten by the installation of a different version. All files and directories installed using "make altinstall" contain the major and minor version and can thus live side-by-side. "make install" also creates ${prefix}/bin/python3 which refers to ${prefix}/bin/pythonX.Y. If you intend to install multiple versions using the same prefix you must decide which version (if any) is your "primary" version. Install that version using "make install". Install all other versions using "make altinstall". For example, if you want to install Python 2.5, 2.6 and 3.0 with 2.6 being the primary version, you would execute "make install" in your 2.6 build directory and "make altinstall" in the others. Issue Tracker and Mailing List ------------------------------ We're soliciting bug reports about all aspects of the language. Fixes are also welcome, preferable in unified diff format. Please use the issue tracker: http://bugs.python.org/ If you're not sure whether you're dealing with a bug or a feature, use the mailing list: python-dev@python.org To subscribe to the list, use the mailman form: http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-dev/ Proposals for enhancement ------------------------- If you have a proposal to change Python, you may want to send an email to the comp.lang.python or python-ideas mailing lists for inital feedback. A Python Enhancement Proposal (PEP) may be submitted if your idea gains ground. All current PEPs, as well as guidelines for submitting a new PEP, are listed at http://www.python.org/dev/peps/. Release Schedule ---------------- See PEP 375 for release details: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0375/ Copyright and License Information --------------------------------- Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum. All rights reserved. See the file "LICENSE" for information on the history of this software, terms & conditions for usage, and a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. This Python distribution contains *no* GNU General Public License (GPL) code, so it may be used in proprietary projects. There are interfaces to some GNU code but these are entirely optional. All trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective holders.
### 回答1: 在数学建模竞赛中,Python经常使用很多来处理数据分析、模型建立和可视化等方面的任务。以下是一些常用Python: 1. NumPy:提供了array对象,用于高效地存储和操作大型多维数组和矩阵。在数学建模中,可以用NumPy进行数计算和线性代数运算。 2. Matplotlib:常用的绘图库,可以用来生成各种类型的二维图表、直方图、散点图等。在数学建模中,Matplotlib可以用来可视化数据、模型结果等。 3. Pandas:提供了用于数据分析的数据结构和操作工具。Pandas的DataFrame对象广泛应用于数据处理和数据清洗的场景。 4. SciPy:用于科学计算的开源库,提供了很多常用的数学、科学和工程计算功能。括插、积分、优化、线性代数和统计等算法。 5. SymPy:用于符号计算的库,可以进行代数符号计算、解方程、微积分和概率等数学运算。在数学建模中,可以用SymPy进行符号推导和数学推理。 6. Scikit-learn:用于机器学习和数据挖掘的库,提供了很多常用的机器学习算法和工具。能够快速构建、训练和评估模型。 7. NetworkX:用于复杂网络分析和建模的库,可以进行图论分析、查找路径、计算中心性等。 除了上述常用之外,还有其他一些特定领域的,例如TensorFlow、Keras等,用于深度学习和神经网络建模;CVXOPT、PuLP等,用于优化问题求解等等。不同的问题和需求可能会使用不同的,根据具体的建模任务来选择合适的进行使用。 ### 回答2: 在美赛(美国大学生数学建模竞赛)中,Python是一种常见的编程语言,并且有许多常用可以提供各种功能和工具来辅助建模过程。下面是一些常用Python: 1. NumPy:NumPy是Python常用的数计算。它提供了用于数组和矩阵运算的高效数据结构和函数。在美赛中,我们经常需要进行大量的数计算和线性代数运算,NumPy提供了许多方便的函数和方法来处理这些任务。 2. Matplotlib:Matplotlib是一个用于制作各种类型图表(如线图,散点图,饼图等)的绘图库。在美赛中,我们通常需要对模型的结果进行可视化,并利用图表来分析数据和展示结果。Matplotlib提供了丰富的绘图功能和灵活的参数设置,使得我们能够根据需求制作出各种精美的图表。 3. Pandas:Pandas是一个用于数据处理和分析的库。它提供了高效且方便的数据结构和数据操作方法,能够轻松处理各种类型的数据集。在美赛中,我们常常需要对大量的数据进行预处理、清洗和转换,Pandas能够很好地满足这些需求,提高数据分析的效率。 4. SciPy:SciPy是一个用于科学计算的库,含了许多常用的数计算和优化算法,例如线性规划、非线性方程求解、插等。在美赛中,我们经常需要利用这些算法来解决各种数学建模问题,SciPy提供了相应的函数和方法来支持这些计算。 总结起来,这些常用Python(NumPy、Matplotlib、Pandas和SciPy)能够提供丰富的功能和工具,帮助我们在美赛中进行数据处理、数学计算、结果可视化等各种建模任务。它们使得我们能够更高效地解决问题,提高建模的准确性和可靠性。 ### 回答3: 在美赛中,Python是一种常见的编程语言,并且有许多常用可以帮助我们进行数据分析和建模。以下是一些常用Python: 1. NumPy:NumPy是Python科学计算的基本软件。它提供了高效的多维数组对象和用于处理这些数组的工具。在美赛中,我们可以使用NumPy来进行数计算、线性代数、傅里叶变换等。 2. Pandas:Pandas是一个强大的数据分析工具,提供了快速、灵活、简单的数据结构,如Series(一维数据)和DataFrame(二维数据)。Pandas可以帮助我们加载、处理和分析数据,进行数据清洗、筛选、转换等操作。 3. Matplotlib:Matplotlib是一个用于绘制各种类型图表的数据可视化工具。在美赛中,我们可以使用Matplotlib来生成折线图、散点图、柱状图等,并进行自定义设置来展示数据。 4. Scipy:Scipy是一个集成了数学、科学和工程计算功能的Python软件库。它提供了许多各种各样的数算法和函数,如优化、插、统计分析等。 5. Sklearn:Sklearn是一个常用的机器学习库,提供了丰富的机器学习算法和工具。在美赛中,我们可以使用Sklearn来构建和训练各种机器学习模型,如支持向量机、决策树、随机森林等。 6. Networkx:Networkx是一个用于处理复杂网络的Python库。它可以用于构建、分析和可视化各种网络结构,如社交网络、交通网络等。 以上是一些在美赛中常用Python,它们提供了一系列强大的功能和工具,能够帮助我们更高效地处理和分析数据,完成各种任务。
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