331. Verify Preorder Serialization of a Binary Tree

One way to serialize a binary tree is to use pre-order traversal. When we encounter a non-null node, we record the node’s value. If it is a null node, we record using a sentinel value such as #.

     _9_
    /   \
   3     2
  / \   / \
 4   1  #  6
/ \ / \   / \
# # # #   # #

For example, the above binary tree can be serialized to the string “9,3,4,#,#,1,#,#,2,#,6,#,#”, where # represents a null node.

Given a string of comma separated values, verify whether it is a correct preorder traversal serialization of a binary tree. Find an algorithm without reconstructing the tree.

Each comma separated value in the string must be either an integer or a character ‘#’ representing null pointer.

You may assume that the input format is always valid, for example it could never contain two consecutive commas such as “1,,3”.

Example 1:
“9,3,4,#,#,1,#,#,2,#,6,#,#”
Return true

Example 2:
“1,#”
Return false

Example 3:
“9,#,#,1”
Return false

s思路:
1. 判断树的表示方法是否有效,而且不让构造树。
2. 先看用iterative的方法,用stack就可以搞定,例如:”9,3,4,#,#,1,#,#,2,#,6,#,#”,碰到数就直接push到stack,碰到#,则讨论一下,当第一次遇到#也直接push,第二次遇到#则把之前的#pop,还要把#前的数pop,然后再放入#.注意的是,每次放入的时候,都要检查stack顶上是否有#,如果有,就要pop两次再看是否有#,直到前面是数或stack为空为止!
3. 参考https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/45326/c-4ms-solution-o-1-space-o-n-time/2 真是妙不可言!思考自己上面的思路,讨论的情况很是比较多,虽然做法中规中矩,但是如果足够敏锐的话,就可以想到这种做法太focus到细节上了,应该比较top-down的解法。比如上面的参考。思路是这样的,实时统计树的容量capacity,初始化capacity=1,表示根节点,然后遍历的时候,只需找’,’,因为#就在“,”之前,而且我们只关注是否是#,如果不是#,表示一个新节点,那么capacity就增加两个,而且每次遍历一个节点时,就capacity–用来表示由于遇到一个节点,容量减少!如果在某个时候,容量<0,则表示不能构造树了。最后容量等于0,表示刚刚装满,因此可以构造树!
4. 这个统计数据结构的某个参量的做法,确实很赞,想到在图的遍历中,如果用bfs,也可以来统计入度,出度这些参量。你看,这里面也一样是,需要统计树的一个参量!方法很特殊,不过值得推广,统计数据结构的某一个参量!

//方法1:用stack!随时检查是否有number##的情况!
class Solution {
public:
    bool isValidSerialization(string preorder) {
        //
        stack<string> ss;
        int i=0;
        preorder.append(",");
        while(i<preorder.size()){
            if(preorder[i]==',') {i++;continue;}
            int j=i;
            while(j<preorder.size()&&preorder[j]!=',')
                j++;
            if(preorder[i]=='#'){
                //if(ss.empty()) return false;//bug:当preorder="#",就可能直接把#放入stack
                if(ss.empty()||ss.top()[0]!='#') ss.push("#");
                else{
                    while(ss.size()>=2&&ss.top()=="#"){
                        ss.pop();
                        if(ss.top()[0]=='#') return false; 
                        ss.pop();   
                    }   
                    ss.push("#");
                }       
            }else
                ss.push(preorder.substr(i,j-i));    
            i=j;
        }
        return ss.size()==1&&ss.top()=="#";
    }
};


//方法2:统计capacity. 系统的方法,就是比detail的方法代码简洁,不过稍微难理解些
class Solution {
public:
    bool isValidSerialization(string preorder) {
        //
        if(preorder.size()==0) return false;
        preorder+=',';
        int capacity=1;
        int sz=preorder.size();
        for(int i=0;i<sz;i++){
            if(preorder[i]!=',') continue;
            capacity--;
            if(capacity<0) return false;
            if(preorder[i-1]!='#') capacity+=2;
        }
        return capacity==0;
    }
};
【Solution】 To convert a binary search tree into a sorted circular doubly linked list, we can use the following steps: 1. Inorder traversal of the binary search tree to get the elements in sorted order. 2. Create a doubly linked list and add the elements from the inorder traversal to it. 3. Make the list circular by connecting the head and tail nodes. 4. Return the head node of the circular doubly linked list. Here's the Python code for the solution: ``` class Node: def __init__(self, val): self.val = val self.prev = None self.next = None def tree_to_doubly_list(root): if not root: return None stack = [] cur = root head = None prev = None while cur or stack: while cur: stack.append(cur) cur = cur.left cur = stack.pop() if not head: head = cur if prev: prev.right = cur cur.left = prev prev = cur cur = cur.right head.left = prev prev.right = head return head ``` To verify the accuracy of the code, we can use the following test cases: ``` # Test case 1 # Input: [4,2,5,1,3] # Output: # Binary search tree: # 4 # / \ # 2 5 # / \ # 1 3 # Doubly linked list: 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 <-> 4 <-> 5 # Doubly linked list in reverse order: 5 <-> 4 <-> 3 <-> 2 <-> 1 root = Node(4) root.left = Node(2) root.right = Node(5) root.left.left = Node(1) root.left.right = Node(3) head = tree_to_doubly_list(root) print("Binary search tree:") print_tree(root) print("Doubly linked list:") print_list(head) print("Doubly linked list in reverse order:") print_list_reverse(head) # Test case 2 # Input: [2,1,3] # Output: # Binary search tree: # 2 # / \ # 1 3 # Doubly linked list: 1 <-> 2 <-> 3 # Doubly linked list in reverse order: 3 <-> 2 <-> 1 root = Node(2) root.left = Node(1) root.right = Node(3) head = tree_to_doubly_list(root) print("Binary search tree:") print_tree(root) print("Doubly linked list:") print_list(head) print("Doubly linked list in reverse order:") print_list_reverse(head) ``` The output of the test cases should match the expected output as commented in the code.
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