std::vector 作为函数参数和返回值

std::vector 作为参数传入，是值传递，vector本身，及vector内的所有元素都会复制一遍。

得不偿失，可以使用引用传递。

std::vector作为函数返回值，是不会创建新vector对象的。函数内返回的跟接收返回值的是一个对象。

读取vector内的元素，如果赋值给其他变量，是将对象复制一份新的。

Item ii  = list[0];

如果直接操作数组元素，是不会产生对象复制的

list[0].a 

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <vector>

class Item{
    public:
    int a;
    int b;
};

std::vector<Item> vectorTestFunc(std::vector<Item> input){

printf("vectorTestFunc >>> in %p   %p, %p\n",&input,  &input[0], &input[0].a);
    Item item = input[0];

    std::vector<Item> output;
    output.push_back(item);
    printf("vectorTestFunc <<< in %p    %p, %p\n",&output, &output[0], &output[0].a);
    return output;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){
     std::vector<Item> list;
    Item i;
    i.a = 1;
    i.b =2;
    printf("i adr is %p, %p\n",&i, &i.a);
    list.push_back(i);
    printf("list[0] adr is %p, %p\n",&list[0], &list[0].a);
    
    Item ii  = list[0];
    printf(" ii  adr is %p, %p\n",&ii, &ii.a);



    printf("vectorTestFunc in  %p %p, %p\n",&list, &list[0], &list[0].a);
    std::vector<Item> output = vectorTestFunc(list);

    printf("vectorTestFunc output  %p %p, %p\n",&output, &output[0], &output[0].a);
    return 0;
}

build$ make; ./main
Scanning dependencies of target main
[ 50%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/main.dir/main.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable main
[100%] Built target main
i adr is 0x7ffc5a16b160, 0x7ffc5a16b160
list[0] adr is 0x5583c3b0f280, 0x5583c3b0f280
 ii  adr is 0x7ffc5a16b168, 0x7ffc5a16b168
vectorTestFunc in  0x7ffc5a16b170 0x5583c3b0f280, 0x5583c3b0f280
vectorTestFunc >>> in 0x7ffc5a16b1b0   0x5583c3b0f2a0, 0x5583c3b0f2a0
vectorTestFunc <<< in 0x7ffc5a16b190    0x5583c3b0f2c0, 0x5583c3b0f2c0
vectorTestFunc output  0x7ffc5a16b190 0x5583c3b0f2c0, 0x5583c3b0f2c0

如果把函数参数改成引用：

build$ make; ./main
Scanning dependencies of target main
[ 50%] Building CXX object CMakeFiles/main.dir/main.cpp.o
[100%] Linking CXX executable main
[100%] Built target main
i adr is 0x7ffe81b1cf40, 0x7ffe81b1cf40
list[0] adr is 0x5641c6771280, 0x5641c6771280
 ii  adr is 0x7ffe81b1cf48, 0x7ffe81b1cf48
vectorTestFunc in  0x7ffe81b1cf50 0x5641c6771280, 0x5641c6771280
vectorTestFunc >>> in 0x7ffe81b1cf50   0x5641c6771280, 0x5641c6771280
vectorTestFunc <<< in 0x7ffe81b1cf70    0x5641c67712a0, 0x5641c67712a0
vectorTestFunc output  0x7ffe81b1cf70 0x5641c67712a0, 0x5641c67712a0

以上代码在 gcc version 7.3.0 (Ubuntu 7.3.0-16ubuntu3)上测试