CF1146F - Leaf Partition(树形dp)

CF1146F - Leaf Partition

Solution

感觉做这种细节很多的分类讨论树形dp还是有点乱。

大概有一个$naive$的想法是，我们令$f_{x,0/1}$表示以$x$为根的子树，$x$结点有没有颜色的方案数。

然后如果存在两个有颜色的儿子，则$x$的颜色可以直接确定。

但是直接这样不好转移（因为当前无色的点可能在更浅的地方和其他点连通导致有了颜色），我们修改状态为$f_{x,0/1/2}$，$0$表示$x$无色，$1$表示我们钦定了$x$为一种它儿子的颜色，$2$表示$x$有一种确定的颜色。

那么
$$\begin{gathered} f_{x,0}=\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,2} \\ {f}_{x,1}=(\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,2})(\sum _v\frac{f_{v,2}}{f_{v,0}+f_{v,2}})+(\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,2})(\sum _v\frac{f_{v,1}}{f_{v,0}+f_{v,2}}) \\ {f}_{x,2}=(\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,1}+f_{v,2}+f_{v,2})-(\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,2})-(\prod _v{f}_{v,0}+f_{v,2})(\sum _v\frac{f_{v,1}+f_{v,2}}{f_{v,0}+f_{v,2}}) \end{gathered}$$

时间复杂度$O(nlgn)$（快速幂）。

Code

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;
 
template<typename T> inline bool upmin(T &x, T y) { return y <= x ? x = y, 1 : 0; }
template<typename T> inline bool upmax(T &x, T y) { return x <= y ? x = y, 1 : 0; }
 
#define MP(A,B) make_pair(A,B)
#define PB(A) push_back(A)
#define SIZE(A) ((int)A.size())
#define LEN(A) ((int)A.length())
#define FOR(i,a,b) for(int i=(a);i<(b);++i)
#define fi first
#define se second
 
typedef long long ll;
typedef unsigned long long ull;
typedef long double lod;
typedef pair<int, int> PR;
typedef vector<int> VI; 
 
const lod eps = 1e-9;
const lod pi = acos(-1);
const int oo = 1 << 30;
const ll loo = (1ll << 62) - 1;
const int MAXN = 200005;
const int mods = 998244353;
const int MX = 100000;
const int inv2 = (mods + 1) >> 1;
const int INF = 0x3f3f3f3f; //1061109567
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 
namespace FastIO{
	constexpr int SIZE = (1 << 21) + 1;
	int num = 0, f;
	char ibuf[SIZE], obuf[SIZE], que[65], *iS, *iT, *oS = obuf, *oT = obuf + SIZE - 1, c;
	#define gc() (iS == iT ? (iT = ((iS = ibuf) + fread(ibuf, 1, SIZE, stdin)), (iS == iT ? EOF : *iS ++)) : *iS ++)
	inline void flush() {
		fwrite(obuf, 1, oS - obuf, stdout);
		oS = obuf;
	}
	inline void putc(char c) {
		*oS ++ = c;
		if (oS == oT) flush();
	}
	inline void getc(char &c) {
		for (c = gc(); !isalpha(c) && c != EOF; c = gc());
	}
	inline void reads(char *st) {
		char c;
		int n = 0;
		getc(st[++ n]);
		for (c = gc(); isalpha(c) ; c = gc()) st[++ n] = c;
		st[++ n] = '\0';
	}
	template<class I>
	inline void read(I &x) {
		for (f = 1, c = gc(); c < '0' || c > '9' ; c = gc()) if (c == '-') f = -1;
		for (x = 0; c >= '0' && c <= '9' ; c = gc()) x = (x << 3) + (x << 1) + (c & 15);
		x *= f;
	}
	template<class I>
	inline void print(I x) {
		if (x < 0) putc('-'), x = -x;
		if (!x) putc('0');
		while (x) que[++ num] = x % 10 + 48, x /= 10;
		while (num) putc(que[num --]);
	}
	inline void putstr(string st) {
		for (int i = 0; i < (int)st.size() ; ++ i) putc(st[i]);
	}
	struct Flusher_{~Flusher_(){flush();}} io_Flusher_;
}
using FastIO :: read;
using FastIO :: putc;
using FastIO :: putstr;
using FastIO :: reads;
using FastIO :: print;






int f[MAXN][3];
vector<int> e[MAXN];
int upd(int x, int y) { return x + y >= mods ? x + y - mods : x + y; }
int quick_pow(int x, int y) {
	int ret = 1;
	for (; y ; y >>= 1) {
		if (y & 1) ret = 1ll * ret * x % mods;
		x = 1ll * x * x % mods;
	}
	return ret;
}
void tree_dp(int x) {
	for (auto v : e[x]) tree_dp(v);
	if (!e[x].size()) { f[x][0] = f[x][1] = 0, f[x][2] = 1; return; }

	f[x][0] = 1;
	int mul = 1, Mul = 1, sum = 0;
	for (auto v : e[x]) {
		f[x][0] = 1ll * f[x][0] * upd(f[v][0], f[v][2]) % mods;

		f[x][1] = upd(f[x][1], 1ll * upd(f[v][1], f[v][2]) * quick_pow(upd(f[v][0], f[v][2]), mods - 2) % mods);

		int t = upd(f[v][0], f[v][2]), invt = quick_pow(t, mods - 2);
		mul = 1ll * mul * t % mods;
		Mul = 1ll * Mul * upd(upd(f[v][0], f[v][1]), upd(f[v][2], f[v][2])) % mods;
		sum = upd(sum, 1ll * invt * upd(f[v][1], f[v][2]) % mods);
	}
	f[x][1] = 1ll * f[x][1] * f[x][0] % mods;
	f[x][2] = upd(Mul, mods - upd(mul, 1ll * mul * sum % mods));
//	cout << x << ":" << e[x].size() << " " << mul << " " << Mul << " " << sum << " " << f[x][0] << " " << f[x][1] << " " << f[x][2] << endl;
}
signed main() {
#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
	freopen("a.in", "r", stdin);
#endif	
	int n;
	read(n);
	for (int i = 2, x; i <= n ; ++ i) read(x), e[x].PB(i);
	tree_dp(1);
	print(upd(f[1][0], f[1][2]));
	return 0;
}