CSharp语法

CSharp8.0

c# 8.0是专门面向.net core的第一个c#版本，一些功能依赖于新的CLR功能，而其他功能依赖于仅在net core中添加的库类型。

默认接口方法

//接口里也可以定义方法实现，并且可以使用public修饰
public interface IStudent
{
	public int GetAge(); 
	public string GetName()
	{
		return "张三同学";
	}
}

switch属性模式

public static decimal ComputeSalesTax(Address location, decimal salePrice) => (location) switch
{
	{ State: "WA" } => salePrice * 0.064M,
	{ State: "MN" } => salePrice * 0.075M,
	{ State: "MI" } => salePrice * 0.05M,
	_ => 0M
}
public class Address
{
	public string? State { get; set; }
}

元组模式

public static string RockPaperScissors(string first, string second) => (first, second) switch
{
	("rock", "paper") => "rock is covered by paper. Paper wins.",
	("rock", "scissors") => "rock breaks scissors. Rock wins.",
	("paper", "rock") => "paper covers rock. Paper wins.",
	("paper", "scissors") => "paper is cut by scissors. Scissors wins.",
	("scissors", "rock") => "scissors is broken by rock. Rock wins.",
	("scissors", "paper") => "scissors cuts paper. Scissors wins.",
	(_, _) => "tie"
}

位置模式

public static Quadrant GetQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
{
	(0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
	var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
	var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
	var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
	var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
	var (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder,
};

public struct Point
{
	public double X { get; set; }
	public double Y { get; set; }

	public Point(int x, int y) => (X, Y) = (x, y);

	public void Deconstruct(out double x, out double y) =>
		(x, y) = (X, Y);
	 
	public double Distance => Math.Sqrt(X * X + Y * Y);

	public readonly override string ToString() =>
		$"({X}, {Y}) is {Distance} from the origin";
}

异步流支持

public static async Task GetAsyncData()
{
	await foreach (var number in GetNewAsyncIntList())
	{
		Console.WriteLine(number);
	}
}

//IAsyncEnumerable异步的Enumerable类
public static async IAsyncEnumerable<int> GetNewAsyncIntList()
{
	for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
	{
		await Task.Delay(100);
		yield return i;
	}
}

索引和范围

//索引和范围
{
	string[] words = new string[]
	{
		"The",
		"quick",
		"brown",
		"fox",
		"jumped",
		"over",
		"the",
		"lazy",
		"dog"
	};
	var quickBrownFox = words[1..4];//从左到右【从0开始】，返回值尾数组
	string message3 = words[^1];//从尾到头【^1就是右面的第一个】，返回的字符串
    Range phrase = 1..4; //定义一个范围
    var text = words[phrase]; //使用范围
}

Null 合并赋值

List<int> numbers = null;
int? i = null;
numbers ??= new List<int>();
numbers.Add(i ??= 17);
numbers.Add(i ??= 20);
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", numbers));  // output: 17 17
Console.WriteLine(i);  // output: 17

CSharp9.0

c#9随着dotnet5一起发布。它是面向.NET5版本的任何程序集的默认语言版本。

记录类型

public record Person1(string FirstName, string LastName);
//使用init，初始化后不能修改属性
public record Person2
{
    public string FirstName { get; init; } = default!;
    public string LastName { get; init; } = default!;
};
//可以修改属性
public record Person3
{
	public string FirstName { get; set; } = default!;
	public string LastName { get; set; } = default!;
};
public record Person4(string FirstName, string LastName, string[] PhoneNumbers);
public record Person5(string FirstName, string LastName)
{
	public string[] PhoneNumbers { get; init; }
}
//抽象记录
public abstract record Person6(string FirstName, string LastName);
public record Teacher(string FirstName, string LastName, int Grade)
	: Person6(FirstName, LastName);

值相等性

var phoneNumbers = new string[2];
Person4 person1 = new("Nancy", "Davolio", phoneNumbers);
Person4 person2 = new("Nancy", "Davolio", phoneNumbers);
Console.WriteLine(person1 == person2); // output: True,校验的数据是否相同
//内存中对象引用是否相同？
Console.WriteLine(ReferenceEquals(person1, person2)); // output: False

非破坏性修改

//person的属性无法直接修改
Person5 person1 = new("Nancy", "Davolio") { PhoneNumbers = new string[1] };
//通过with得到另外一个实例
Person5 person2 = person1 with { FirstName = "John" };

仅限 Init 的资源库 

//普通类使用Init修饰，把类当成资源来使用
public Class WeatherObservation
{
    public DateTime RecordedAt { get; init; }
    public decimal TemperatureInCelsius { get; init; }
    public decimal PressureInMillibars { get; init; }

    public override string ToString() =>
        $"At {RecordedAt:h:mm tt} on {RecordedAt:M/d/yyyy}: " +
        $"Temp = {TemperatureInCelsius}, with {PressureInMillibars} pressure";
}

模式匹配增强功能

C# 9 包括新的模式匹配改进：
类型模式 与对象匹配特定类型
带圆括号的模式强制或强调模式组合的优先级
联合 and 模式要求两个模式都匹配
析取 or 模式要求任一模式匹配
否定 not 模式要求模式不匹配
关系模式要求输入小于、大于、小于等于或大于等于给定常数。

public static class Extension
{
	public static bool IsLetter(this char c) => c is >= 'a' and <= 'z' or >= 'A' and <= 'Z';
	public static bool IsLetterOrSeparator(this char c) => c is (>= 'a' and <= 'z') or (>= 'A' and <= 'Z') or '.' or ',';
}

扩展GetEnumerator方法来实现foreach

Person[] PersonList = new Person[3]
{
	new ("John", "Smith"),
	new ("Jim", "Johnson"),
	new ("Sue", "Rabon"),
};
People people = new People(PersonList);
//之前的遍历，必须要实现IEnumerator接口，现在可以扩展一个GetEnumerator方法来实现遍历
foreach (var person in people)
{
	Console.WriteLine(person);
}

public record Person(string FirstName, string LastName);
public class People
{
	int position = -1;
	private Person[] _people { get; init; }
	public People(Person[] people)
	{
		_people = people;
	}
	public bool MoveNext()
	{
		position++;
		return (position < _people.Length);
	}
	public object Current
	{
		get
		{
			try
			{
				return _people[position];
			}
			catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)
			{
				throw new InvalidOperationException();
			}
		}
	}
}
public static class PeopleExtensions
{
	//public static IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator<T>(this IEnumerator<T> people) => people;
	public static People GetEnumerator(this People people) => people;
}