如何写论文

第一次写论文，手忙脚乱的，无从下笔，从师兄那拿来了申老师教同学们如何写论文的ppt,进行整理。希望可以对首次写论文却不知如何下手的你有所帮助。

Prepare a Manuscript for International Journals

Why to Publish?

• Has something new and interesting been done?
• Is there anything challenging in the work?
• Is the work related directly to a current hot topic?
• Have any solutions been provided to some difficult problems?

If “no” to any of these,don’t  try to submit the work to leading journals

1. 文章内容新颖有趣，具有挑战性。
2. 文章与最近比较火的话题相关。
3. 文章提出了解决疑难问题的新方法。

 

Whether Publishable?

• Is the topic within the scope of a target journal?
• Dose the paper contain sufficient new material?
• Is it presented concisely and well organized?
• Are the methods and experiments  presented in the way that they can be replicate
• Are the results presented and analyzed adequately?
• Is the discussion relevant,concise and well documented?
• Are the conclusions supported by the data presented?
• Is the language acceptable?
• Are the figures and tables adequate and well designed?
• Is there information duplicated,or too much?
• Are all contents self-contained and references cited?
• Are all references cited in the text included in the references list?
• Does the work contain anything that might be considered for plagiarism(抄袭）?

 

What Type of Manuscript to Write?

• Full and original articles

--Substantial completed pieces of original research that are of significant

• Letters or short communications

--Rapid and early communication of significant and original advances,much shorter than articles

• Review paper or perspectives

--Summary of  recent developments on a specific hot topic,highlighting important points that have previous been reported

 

Which Journal to Publish in?

• Do not submit the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time
• Identify the few journals that the manuscript cites or is based on
• Read very recent publications  in each candidate journal
• Find out the hot topics and the types of articles recently accepted

 

What Requirements by the Journal?

• Examine the Guide for Authors,including:

--Submission procedures

--Fees for publishing open access

--Copyright and ethical guidelines

• Apply the Guide for Authors to manuscript

--Text layout

--Reference citation

--Nomenclature(命名法）

--Figures,tables,equations

 

How to Structure?

• One aim

--To publish a journal article of significant originality,rigour and impact

• Two conditions

--Definition of research hypothesis and objectives(in Introduction)

--Review of literature related to the topic and select papers that can be cited(and listed in References)

• Three parts

--Indexing and searching:Title,Authors,Affiliations(作者单位）,Abstracts and Keywords

--Main text:Introduction,Method,Results,Discussion and Conclusions

--Annexes(附录):Acknowledgement,References and Supplementary Materials

• Four themes:

-- Introduction:What is about?How was it addressed?Why is it important?

--Method:How does it work?What are its theoretical properties?

--Result:What is found?How do they reflect the objectives?

--Discussion:What does it all mean?

 

How long?

• Ideal length is 22 to 40 pages,double spaced,including essential information and data only

--  10-15 pages using IEEE transactions typesetting

• General guidelines

-- Title:short and informative

-- Abstracts:1 paragraph(< words)

-- Keywords:4-6

-- Introduction:2-3 pages

-- Related work:2-4 pages

-- Methods:4-6 pages

-- Results:5-7 pages

-- Discussion:3-5 pages

-- Conclusion:1-2 paragraphs(summary and future work)

-- References:2-4 pages(20-50 papers)

 

Typical Ordered Steps to Create an Article

1. Preparation of figures and tables
2. Description of approach and method
3. Description of results
4. Discussion of results
5. Interpretation of results
6. Presentation of conclusion
7. Presentation of introduction
8. Presentation of abstract
9. Presentation of title and keywords
10. Presentation of acknowledgement and references

我原先想的顺序正好跟这个相反

Presentation of Figures and Tables

• Illustrations are critical—”A figure is worth a thousand words”
• Figure or Table?

-- What is important is to show comparisons of experimental results with those of previous works,or with calculated/theoretical values

• No duplication of the information presented,being self-explanatory

Do’s and Don’t  in Figures and Tables

• Do’s

-- Avoid crowded plots,using only three or four data sets per figure

-- Use appropriate axis and label size

-- Include symbols and data sets that are easy to distinguish

-- Ensure appropriate alignment in entries in table

• Don’t

-- Include long boring tables(using supplementary material instead)

-- Using lines when there is no connection between samples(using histograms(直方图，柱状图）instead)

Description of Proposed Approach/Method

• Include detailed information so that a knowledgeable reader can reproduce the experiment
• Avoid repeating details of established methods,using references and supporting material to indicate published procedures
• Use standard systems for numbers and nomenclature(命名法，术语)
• Avoid adding comments,results and discussion here

Description of Results

• Present only essential results,to facilitate discussions
• Indicate statistical tests used with all relevant parameters
• Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together
• Decide on logical order that tells a clear story,reflecting the method proposed

Discussion of Result

• Discuss result,in comparison with existing literature
• Avoid:

-- Ignoring results in disagreement with existing work,instead arguing for why they are correct or better

-- Statements that go beyond what the results can support

-- Non-quantified expressions,but using quantitative descriptions as much as possible

• Revise work and experiments as necessary

Presentation of Conclusion

• Summaries how the work advances the field from the present state of knowledge
• Don’t repeat the abstract,or just list  experimental results
• Provide a clear scientific justification for the work
• Indicate uses and extensions if appropriate
• Suggest future modifications and point out those that are underway

 

Introduction the Introduction

• Aim：To convince readers why the work is novel and useful（阐述文章的新颖有用之处）
• Issues to address:(要解决的问题)

-- What is the problem to be solved?（解决什么问题）

--Are there any existing solutions?（目前存在的解决方法）

-- Which is best?（最好的那一个）

-- What are the main limitations?（这些方法存在的局限）

-- What is the work expected achieve?（本论文的贡献）

• Introduction the main scientific publications on which the work is based,citing the most relevant original and important existing contribution(引用于本论文相关的重要的已有的贡献）

 

Considerations for Introduction

• Don’t use more words than necessary,be concise and to point

 （言简意赅）

• Give the whole picture regarding the relevant literature,but not a history lesson of it（全面了结相关文献）
• Organize the material from the global to the particular point of view,guiding the readers to the current objectives

   （从全局到特殊的方式组织材料）

• State the purpose of the paper and research strategy adopted to answer the question

  （说明该文章的目的以及为解决这个问题而采取的研究策略）

-- Do not mix introduction with result,discussion and conclusion

   （introduction,result,discussion,conclusion 不要混在一起）

• Highlight research hypothesis and objectives towards the end of the introduction（在introduction结束时突出研究的假设目标）
• Provide an overview of the paper structure（提供论文结构的概述）

 

Presentation of Abstracts

• Aim:To provide a short description of the perspective and purpose of paper（简述这篇论文的观点以及目的）

-- Indicate why important to do what has been done and what key findings are（你所做事情的重要性以及重要发现）

-- Advertise the work together with the title（建议与title一起完成）

• How?

-- Make it interesting and easily understood without reading the entire article（简单，有趣，使得读者能在不读全文的情况下知道你这篇文章的大概内容）

-- Be accurate,using the words that convey the precise meaning of the research（保证正确性，使用精准的词汇去表达）

-- Keep it as brief as possible（越简单越好）

 

 

Title composition and keywords selection

• Title

-- Keep the title informative and concise:Clear,descriptive,and not too long!

-- Explain what the paper is broadly about

-- Avoid technical jargon(术语) and abbreviations(缩写）(if possible)

• Keywords

-- Avoid words with a broad meaning

-- Avoid abbreviations not firmly established in the field

-- Choose trendy phrases reflecting the current field

Acknowledgement and References

• Acknowledgement

-- Thank people who have contributed to the manuscript but not to the extend where that would justify authorship

-- Thank funding agency with grant number

• References

Cite all essential scientific publications on which the work is based

-- Avoid excessive self-citations and excessive on citations of publications from the same region

-- Avoid manuscripts submitted but not yet accepted or publication,publication not peer review,and articles not published in the common language

-- Ensure only those cited in the main text are listed

 

 

Ps:英文内容整理自沈老师ppt