linux/windows_ip查看(公网ip/私网ip)/通过域名查找ip/解读tracert 的返回结果

linux/windows_ip查看(公网ip/私网ip)/通过域名查找ip/解读tracert 的返回结果

references

• [How to Check the IP Address in Linux: 12 Steps (with Pictures) (wikihow.com)](https://www.wikihow.com/Check-the-IP-Address-in-Linux#:~:text=How to Check IP Address in Linux 1,address. 7 Try the “hostname” command. See More.)

查看公网ip

通用方法

不知到靠不靠谱,不同网站结果不同

• iP地址查询–手机号码查询归属地 | 邮政编码查询 | iP地址归属地查询 | 身份证号码验证在线查询网 (ip138.com)

• IP.cn - IP 地址www.baidu.com

linux

或者NAT 代表

• curl ifconfig.me

  • ┌─[cxxu@u12] - [~] - [2022-04-14 09:16:43]
    └─[0] <> curl ifconfig.me
    183.134.108.7%
    

查看私有ip

简单情况:

• # cxxu @ cxxuAli in ~ [9:37:59] C:130
  $ hostname -I
  172.16.27.115
  

复杂情况(譬如虚拟机/wsl子系统)

wsl 扫描到了多块网卡(包括软件虚拟化出来的)

# cxxu @ CxxuWin11 in ~ [9:35:50]
$ hostname -I
172.29.112.1 192.168.6.1 192.168.80.1 10.61.5.232

这些内网IP都可以通过ssh连接到统一主机的同一用户

优化显示

windows powershell:

PS D:\repos\scripts> ipconfig|sls ipv4|sort
InputStream:51:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.29.112.1
InputStream:42:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.43.165
InputStream:19:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.6.1
InputStream:27:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.80.1

#连同ipv6:
PS D:\repos\scripts> ipconfig|sls  -Pattern 'ipv(4|6)' |sort
InputStream:51:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.29.112.1
InputStream:42:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.43.165
InputStream:19:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.6.1
InputStream:27:   IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.80.1
InputStream:39:   IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2409:8928:43e:37f:80f7:126e:ce36:c456
InputStream:50:   Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::45ea:9308:32c6:3afb%24
InputStream:41:   Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::80f7:126e:ce36:c456%21
InputStream:18:   Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::b9a5:881b:6e1d:3046%7
InputStream:26:   Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::c1f1:349f:8708:b1fd%19
InputStream:40:   Temporary IPv6 Address. . . . . . : 2409:8928:43e:37f:1161:ead4:eecf:fe7

wsl ifconfig:

# cxxu @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/d/repos/PythonLearn on git:main x [10:10:51]
$ hostname -I|sed 's/ /\n/g'
172.29.112.1
192.168.6.1
192.168.80.1
192.168.43.165
2409:8928:43e:37f:80f7:126e:ce36:c456
2409:8928:43e:37f:1161:ead4:eecf:fe7

可见,两者扫描到的ip基本是一致的

对比hostname -I & ifconfig

[oh-my-zsh] Random theme 'rkj-repos' loaded┌─[cxxu@u12] - [~] - [2022-04-14 09:39:45]
└─[0] <> hostname -I
192.168.80.137
┌─[cxxu@u12] - [~] - [2022-04-14 09:39:50]
└─[0] <> ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0c:29:a7:7e:ec
          inet addr:192.168.80.137  Bcast:192.168.80.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fea7:7eec/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:164505 errors:30 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:97613 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:163365568 (163.3 MB)  TX bytes:9450427 (9.4 MB)
          Interrupt:19 Base address:0x2000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:11204 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:11204 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:908564 (908.5 KB)  TX bytes:908564 (908.5 KB)

ip command

ip命令可以执行查看/配置等操作

NAME
       ip - show / manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels
       
SYNOPSIS
       ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }

       ip [ -force ] -batch filename

       OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable | tunnel |
               tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm | netns | l2tp |
               tcp_metrics | token | macsec }

       OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -h[uman-readable] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] |
               -r[esolve] | -iec | -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | link } | -4 |
               -6 | -I | -D | -B | -0 | -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } |
               -o[neline] | -rc[vbuf] [size] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -n[etns] name
               | -a[ll] | -c[olor] -br[ief] }
               
               
               
               

用法

# cxxu @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/c/Users/cxxu [10:02:20]
$ cheat ip
# To display all interfaces with addresses:
ip addr

# To take down / up the wireless adapter:
ip link set dev wlan0 {up|down}

# To set a static IP and netmask:
ip addr add 192.168.1.100/32 dev eth0

# To remove a IP from an interface:
ip addr del 192.168.1.100/32 dev eth0

# To remove all IPs from an interface:
ip address flush dev eth0

# To display all routes:
ip route

# To display all routes for IPv6:
ip -6 route

# To add default route via gateway IP:
ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

# To add route via interface:
ip route add 192.168.0.0/24 dev eth0

# To get the route used for an destination
ip route get to 8.8.8.8

# To change your mac address :
ip link set dev eth0 address aa:bb:cc:dd:ee:ff

# To view neighbors (using ARP and NDP):
ip neighbor show

windows:通过域名查找ip

ping

• 有时获取的地址似乎不可用

• PS D:\repos\scripts> ping www.baidu.com
  
  Pinging www.a.shifen.com [36.152.44.95] with 32 bytes of data:
  Reply from 36.152.44.95: bytes=32 time=28ms TTL=53
  Reply from 36.152.44.95: bytes=32 time=30ms TTL=53
  Reply from 36.152.44.95: bytes=32 time=242ms TTL=53
  Reply from 36.152.44.95: bytes=32 time=35ms TTL=53
  
  Ping statistics for 36.152.44.95:
      Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
  Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
      Minimum = 28ms, Maximum = 242ms, Average = 83ms
      
  
  

• # linux
  
  #( 04/14/22@10:49AM )( cxxu@CxxuWin11 ):/mnt/d/repos/PythonLearn@main✗✗✗
     ping www.baidu.com
  PING www.a.shifen.com (36.152.44.95): 56 data bytes
  64 bytes from 36.152.44.95: icmp_seq=0 ttl=53 time=39.712 ms
  64 bytes from 36.152.44.95: icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=72.160 ms
  64 bytes from 36.152.44.95: icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=60.708 ms
  64 bytes from 36.152.44.95: icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=45.045 ms
  

• wsl:

  sudo apt upgrade ping
  Reading package lists... Done
  Building dependency tree... Done
  Reading state information... Done
  Package ping is a virtual package provided by:
    iputils-ping 3:20211215-1
    inetutils-ping 2:2.2-2
  You should explicitly select one to install.
  

  可见,ping命令需要通过安装inetutils-ping来使用

linux/windows 都有nslookup/ping命令

nslookup linux

• [nslookup Command in Linux: 7 Practical Examples (linuxhandbook.com)](https://linuxhandbook.com/nslookup-command/#:~:text=Examples of nslookup command in Linux. 1 1.,Display all DNS records with nslookup. More items)

# cxxu @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/d/repos/PythonLearn on git:main x [10:29:27] C:130
$ nslookup www.baidu.com
Server:         192.168.43.1
Address:        192.168.43.1#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.baidu.com   canonical name = www.a.shifen.com.
Name:   www.a.shifen.com
Address: 36.152.44.96
Name:   www.a.shifen.com
Address: 36.152.44.95


# cxxu @ CxxuWin11 in /mnt/d/repos/PythonLearn on git:main x [10:29:35]
$ nslookup www.weibo.com
Server:         192.168.43.1
Address:        192.168.43.1#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.weibo.com   canonical name = weibo.com.
Name:   weibo.com
Address: 39.156.6.91
Name:   weibo.com
Address: 39.156.6.90
Name:   weibo.com
Address: 2409:8c00:8421:1f01::30
Name:   weibo.com
Address: 2409:8c00:8421:1f01::31

nslookup winodws

PS D:\repos\scripts> nslookup www.zhihu.com
Server:  UnKnown
Address:  192.168.43.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:    1595096.sched.d0-dk.tdnsdp1.cn
Addresses:  2409:8c30:1000:40:65::
          2409:8c38:80:181::3c
          2409:8c20:6ed1:10e:6d::
          2409:8c20:6ed1:10e:6e::
          2409:8c20:6ed1:10e:6f::
          2409:8c20:6ed1:10e:70::
          2409:8c30:1000:40:62::
          2409:8c30:1000:40:63::
          2409:8c30:1000:40:64::
          112.17.58.159
          117.148.161.194
Aliases:  www.zhihu.com
          www.zhihu.com.ipv6.dsa.dnsv1.com


PS D:\repos\scripts> nslookup www.weibo.com
Server:  UnKnown
Address:  192.168.43.1

Non-authoritative answer:
Name:    weibo.com
Addresses:  2409:8c00:8421:1f01::31
          2409:8c00:8421:1f01::30
          39.156.6.91
          39.156.6.90
Aliases:  www.weibo.com


PS D:\repos\scripts>

路由跟踪(trace route)

reference

• Tracert on Windows Returns Slower than on Linux - Stack Overflow
• How to Use TRACERT to Troubleshoot TCP/IP Problems in Windows (microsoft.com)
• How to Read a Traceroute – InMotion Hosting Support Center

How to Use the TRACERT Utility

• tracert(windows) 通过发送icmp数据包来跟踪路由
• 用RTT显示结果
• 跟据TTL来计算

• The TRACERT diagnostic utility determines the route to a destination by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo packets to the destination.

  • In these packets, TRACERT uses varying IP Time-To-Live (TTL) values.
    • Because each router along the path is required to decrement the packet's TTL by at least 1 before forwarding the packet,
  • the TTL is effectively a hop counter.
  • When the TTL on a packet reaches zero (0), the router sends an ICMP "Time Exceeded" message back to the source computer.

• TRACERT sendsthe first echo packet with a TTL of 1and increments the TTL by 1 on each subsequent transmission发送, until the destination responds or until the maximum TTL is reached.

  • The ICMP “Time Exceeded” messages that intermediate routers send back show the route.
  • Note however that some routers silently drop packets that have expired TTLs, and these packets are invisible to TRACERT.

• TRACERT prints out an ordered list of the intermediate routers that return ICMP "Time Exceeded" messages.

  • Using the -d option with the tracert command instructs TRACERT not to perform a DNS lookup on each IP address, so that TRACERT reports the IP address of the near-side interface of the routers.

tracert(windows)&traceroute(unix-like)

The Windows tracert tool sends ICMP echo requests; many routers will just DROP ICMP echo requests. Thus the tool must wait for an internal timeout before declaring that route dead.

The Linux traceroute tool sends UDP connection attempts; routers have to forward these packets, so it works pretty reliably. This means the tool won’t have to wait for timeouts from most of the routers along the way.

The Windows tracert waits about 1 second between hops. The Linux traceroute does not wait between hops. There is no documented option for the Windows tracert to disable this delay.

example of tracert

PS D:\repos\scripts> tracert -d www.weibo.com

Tracing route to weibo.com [2409:8c00:8421:1f01::31]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     8 ms    12 ms    12 ms  2409:8928:43e:37f::99
  2     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  3   206 ms    25 ms    29 ms  2409:8028:5000:32::4016
  4     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  5     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  6     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  7     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  8     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  9     *        *        *     Request timed out.
 10     *        *        *     Request timed out.
 11     *        *        *     Request timed out.
 12     *        *        *     Request timed out.
 13     *        *        *     Request timed out.
 14    95 ms    58 ms    47 ms  2409:8c00:8421:1f01::31
 
Trace complete.

实验过程中,tracert 每次仅发送1个数据包

example of traceroute

#( 04/14/22@ 1:34PM )( cxxu@CxxuWin11 ):/mnt/c/Users/cxxu
   traceroute www.weibo.com
traceroute to www.weibo.com (39.156.6.90), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  * * *
 2  * * *
 3  * * *
 4  * * *
 5  * * *
 6  *
 (3*5+1=16)
 
 #( 04/14/22@ 1:39PM )( cxxu@cxxuAli ):~
   traceroute www.zhihu.com
traceroute to www.zhihu.com (103.18.209.53), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  10.36.92.62 (10.36.92.62)  2.055 ms 10.36.100.62 (10.36.100.62)  2.020 ms 10.36.96.62 (10.36.96.62)  2.269 ms
 2  * * 10.36.104.1 (10.36.104.1)  5.983 ms
 3  11.94.60.241 (11.94.60.241)  2.002 ms 10.255.59.221 (10.255.59.221)  1.769 ms 10.102.248.130 (10.102.248.130)  1.930 ms
 4  * 11.94.130.145 (11.94.130.145)  3.862 ms 10.102.249.26 (10.102.249.26)  4.087 ms
 5  10.102.155.62 (10.102.155.62)  2.896 ms * 10.102.155.122 (10.102.155.122)  3.521 ms
 6  36.110.169.217 (36.110.169.217)  4.324 ms 106.39.196.29 (106.39.196.29)  4.553 ms 106.38.196.221 (106.38.196.221)  4.624 ms
 7  36.110.246.221 (36.110.246.221)  5.260 ms 36.110.246.209 (36.110.246.209)  4.904 ms 36.110.251.70 (36.110.251.70)  5.197 ms
 8  * 106.38.244.38 (106.38.244.38)  6.649 ms  6.594 ms
 9  103.18.209.53 (103.18.209.53)  5.230 ms 106.38.244.38 (106.38.244.38)  6.092 ms 103.18.209.53 (103.18.209.53)  5.283 ms
 
 

• Traceroute sends out three packets per TTL increment.
• Each column corresponds to the time is took to get one packet back (round-trip-time).

This tries to account for situations such as:

• A traceroute packet is routed along a different link than other attempts

  11 130.117.3.201 (130.117.3.201) 109.762 ms 130.117.49.197 (130.117.49.197) 118.191 ms 107.262 ms

• A traceroute packet is dropped

  9 154.54.26.142 (154.54.26.142) 104.153 ms * *

• 可见,traceroute 每次发送16个信息包
• 可以指定最大跳数
  • 但是如果再最大跳数之间就路由到了终点主机,就会提前停止

解读tracert(windows)/traceroute(linux)

• How to Read a Traceroute – InMotion Hosting Support Center

• networking - What do the three columns in traceroute output mean? - Server Fault

• PS D:\repos\scripts> tracert -d www.weibo.com
  
  Tracing route to weibo.com [2409:8c00:8421:1f01::31]
  over a maximum of 30 hops:
  
    1     8 ms    12 ms    12 ms  2409:8928:43e:37f::99
    2     *        *        *     Request timed out.
    3   206 ms    25 ms    29 ms  2409:8028:5000:32::4016
    4     *        *        *     Request timed out.
    5     *        *        *     Request timed out.
    6     *        *        *     Request timed out.
    7     *        *        *     Request timed out.
  

  • 第一列代表该行是路由(路径)的第几跳
  • 第2~4三列表示,tracert对每一条都会发送三个数据包来检测一致性(RTT含义为(round trip time))
  • 最后一列表示该跳的ip/hostname