Rust Programming ：The Complete Developor‘s Guide--01 Fundamentals

Install

• Linux

curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

Uninstall

rustup self uninstall

Data Types

• Memory only stores binary data
  • Anything can be represented in binary
• Program determines what the binary represents
• Basic types that are universally useful are provided by the language

Basic Data Types

Basic data types are: boolean, integer, double & float, character, string

• Boolean
  • true, false
• Integer
  • 1, 2, 50, 99, -2
• Double/Float
  • 1.1, 5.5, 200.0001, 2.0
• Character(single quotation mark)
  • ‘A’, ‘B’,‘c’, ‘6’, ‘$’
• String(double quotes to denote strings)
  • “Hello”, “string”, “this is a string”, “it’s 42”

What is a variable

• Assign data to a temporary memory location
  • Allows programmer to easily work with memory
• Can be set to any value & type
• Immutable by default, but can be mutable
  • Immutable: cannot be changed
  • mutable: can be changed

Examples

fn main() {
    let two = 2;
    let hello = "hello";
    let j = 'j';
    let my_half = 0.5;
    let mut my_name = "Bill";
    let quit_program = false;
    let your_half = my_half;
}

Recap

• Variables make it easier to work with data
• Variables can be assigned to any value
  • This include other variables
• Immutable by default

Functions

What are functions?

• A way to encapsulate program functionality
• Optionally accept/return data
• Utilized for code organization
  • Also makes code easier to read

Recap

• Functions encapsulate functionality
• Useful to organize code
• Can be executed by “calling” the function
• Parameters determine what data a function can work with
• Optionally “returns” data
  • Data sent back from the function

		  Parameter
 Func Name  /|\
	/|\      |         Return Type    
	 | |------------|      |
fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
	a + b
}

let x = add(1, 2);
let y = add(3, 0);
let z = add(x, 1);

The println macro

• “Prints”(displays) information to the terminal

fn main() {
    let life = 42;
    println!("hello");
    println!("{:?}", life);
    println!("{:?} {:?}", life, life);
}

Control flow using “if”

• Execution Flow: Code executed line-by-line
• Actions are performed & control flow may change
  • Specific conditions can change control flow
    • “if”
    • “else”
    • “else if”

Example:Simple Flow

let a = 1;
let b = 2;
let c = 3;

Example: if…else

let a = 99;
if a > 99 {
	println!("Big number");
}else {
	println!("Small number");
}

Example: Nested if…else

fn main() {
    let a = 99;
    if a > 99 {
        if a > 200 {
            println!("Huge number");
        } else {
            println!("Big number");
        }
    } else {
        println!("Small number");
    }
}

Example: if…else if… else

fn main() {
    let a = 99;
    if a > 200 {
        println!("Huge number");
    } else if a > 99 {
        println!("Big number");
    } else {
        println!("Small number");
    }
}

Recap

• Code executes line-by-line
  • This can be changed using “if”
• Try to always include “else”, unless there truly is no alternative case

Repetition using loops

• Called “looping” or “iteration”
• Multiple types of loops
  • “loop” – infinite loop
  • “while” – conditional loop

Loop

fn main() {
    let mut a = 0;
    loop {
        if a == 5 {
            break;
        }
        println!("{:?}", a);
        a = a + 1;
    }
}

while loop

fn main() {
    let mut a = 0;
    while a != 5 {
        println!("{:?}", a);
        a = a + 1;
    }
}

Recap

• Repetition can be performed using loops
  • while loop
  • infinite loop
• Both types of loops can exit using “break”

Activity: Functions

// Topic: Functions
//
// Programe requirements
// * Displays your first and last name
//
// Notes:
// * Use a function to display your first name
// * Use a function to display your last name
// * Use the println macro to display messages to the terminal

// * Use a function to display your first name
fn first_name() {
    println!("Jayson");
}

// * Use a function to display your last name
fn last_name() {
    println!("Lennon");
}

fn main() {
    first_name();
    last_name();
}

Demo: Basic arithmetic

fn sub(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a - b
}

fn main() {
    let sum = 2 + 2;
    let vaule = 10 - 5;
    let division = 10 / 2;
    let mult = 5 * 5;

    let five = sub(8, 3);

    let rem = 6 % 3;
    let rem2 = 6 % 4;
}

Demo: Basic Math

fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b
}

fn display_result(result: i32) {
    println!("{:?}", result);
}
fn main() {
    let result = add(2, 2);
    display_result(result);
}

Demo: Control flow with if & else

fn main() {
    let age = 15;
    if age >= 21 {
        println!("ok to purchase");
    } else {
        println!("cannot purchase");
    }
}

flow control using if…else if…else

fn main() {
    let n = 7;
    if n > 5 {
        println!(">5");
    } else if n < 5 {
        println!("<5");
    } else {
        println!("=5");
    }
}

Match

• Add logic to program
• Similar to if…else
• Exhaustive
  • All options must be accounted for

fn main() {
    let some_bool = true;
    match some_bool {
        true => println!("its true"),
        false => println!("its false"),
    }
}

fn main() {
    let some_int = 3;
    match some_int {
        1 => println!("its 1"),
        2 => println!("its 2"),
        3 => println!("its 3"),
        _ => println!("its something else"),
    }
}

match vs else…if

• match will be checked by the compiler
  • If a new possibiliy is added, you will be notified when this occurs
• else…if is not checked by the compiler
  • If a new possibiliy is added,your code may contain a bug

Recap

• Prefer match over else…if when working with a single variable
• match considers all possibilities and more robust code
• Use underscore(_) to match “anything else”

Demo:Making decisions with match

fn main() {
    let my_name = "Bob";
    match my_name {
        "Jayson" => println!("this is my name"),
        "Bob" => println!("not my name"),
        "Alice" => println!("hello alice"),
        _ => println!("nice to meet you!"),
    }
}