想学习Java网络编程，从何入手？

一、网络编程中有两个主要的问题

1、如何准确的定位一台或多台主机；定位主机上的特定应用。

2、找到主机后如何可靠高效的进行数据传输。

二、网络编程中的两个要素。

1、对应上方问题1：IP和端口号。

2、对应上方问题2：提供网络通信协议：TCP/IP参考模型（应用层，传输层，网络层，物理+数据链路层）。

三、通信要素一：IP和端口号

1、IP：唯一表示Internet上的计算机（通信实体）。

2、在Java中使用InetAddress类代表IP。

3、IP分类：IPV4 和 IPV6；万维网 和 局域网。

4、域名：www.baidu.com（代替了其IP）

5、本地回路地址：127.0.0.1 对应 localhost

6、InetAddress类的使用：

实例化：两个方法：public static InetAddress getByName(String 域名或IP) 、public static InetAddress getLocalHost()（返回本机IP相关信息）；

两个常用方法：public String getHostAddress()（获取IP地址）、public String getHostName()（获取域名）。

@Test
    public void test() throws UnknownHostException {
        //实例化方式1
        InetAddress inet1 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
        System.out.println(inet1);//www.baidu.com/110.242.68.3
        //实例化方式2
        InetAddress inet2 = InetAddress.getByName("110.242.68.3");
        System.out.println(inet2);///110.242.68.3
        InetAddress inet3 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
        System.out.println(inet3);//DESKTOP-IS216FL/192.168.40.1
        //获取IP地址
        System.out.println(inet1.getHostAddress());//110.242.68.4
        //获取域名
        System.out.println(inet1.getHostName());//www.baidu.com
    }

7、端口号：正在计算机上运行的进程。

• 要求：不同进程有不同端口号。

• 范围：0~65535.

8、端口号与IP地址的组合得出一个网路套接字：Socket

四、实现TCP的网络编程

1、客户端发送信息给服务端

 //客户端
    @Test
    public void client() {
        Socket socket = null;
        OutputStream outputStream = null;
        try {
            //1、创建Socket，指明服务端IP和端口号
            socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 8899);
            //2、获取输出流，用于输出数据
            outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            //3、写出数据
            outputStream.write("你好！".getBytes());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //4、关闭资源
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    //服务端
    @Test
    public void server() {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = null;
        try {
            //1、创建服务器端的ServerSocket，指明端口号
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8899);
            //2、调用accept()方法接收来自于客户端的socket
            socket = serverSocket.accept();
            //3、通过获取到的客户端socket获取输入流
            inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
            //4、读取输入流中的内容
            //可能出现乱码
        /*byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len = inputStream.read()) != -1) {
            System.out.println(new String(bytes,0,len));
        }*/
            byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
                byteArrayOutputStream.write(bytes, 0, len);
            }
            System.out.println(byteArrayOutputStream.toString());
            System.out.println(socket.getInetAddress().getHostName());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //5、资源关闭
            if (byteArrayOutputStream != null) {
                try {
                    byteArrayOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

2、客户端发送文件给服务端，并提供反馈

 @Test
    public void client() {
        Socket socket = null;
        OutputStream outputStream = null;
        BufferedInputStream inputStream = null;
        InputStream socketInputStream = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = null;
        try {
            //1、创建socket，指明服务端IP和端口
            socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9999);
            //2、获取输出流
            outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            //3、创建输入流
            inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File("360wallpaper.jpg")));
            //4、读取文件
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
                //5、输出读取到的内容
                outputStream.write(bytes, 0, len);
            }
            //6、结束文件输出
            socket.shutdownOutput();
            //7、接收来自服务端的反馈信息。
            socketInputStream = socket.getInputStream();
            byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] bytes1 = new byte[1024];
            int length;
            while ((length = socketInputStream.read(bytes1)) != -1) {
                byteArrayOutputStream.write(bytes1, 0, length);
            }
            System.out.println(byteArrayOutputStream.toString());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //8、关闭资源
            if (byteArrayOutputStream != null) {
                try {
                    byteArrayOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socketInputStream != null) {
                try {
                    socketInputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void server() {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        BufferedOutputStream outputStream = null;
        OutputStream socketOutputStream = null;
        try {
            //1、创建服务器socket，设置端口号
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
            //2、获取客户端socket
            socket = serverSocket.accept();
            //3、获取输入流
            inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
            //4、创建输出流。用于文件写入磁盘
            outputStream = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("360wallpaper1.jpg")));
            //5、读取传输内容
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
                //6、将读取到的数据写入磁盘
                outputStream.write(bytes, 0, len);
                outputStream.flush();
            }
            //7、给客户端反馈信息
            socketOutputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            socketOutputStream.write("传输完成！！！".getBytes());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            //8、关闭资源
            if (socketOutputStream != null) {
                try {
                    socketOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }

    }

五、UDP网络编程

 @Test
    public void sender(){
        DatagramSocket socket = null;
        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket();
            String str = "UDP方式发送";
            byte[] bytes = str.getBytes();
            InetAddress inetAddress = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(bytes,0,bytes.length,inetAddress,9999);
            socket.send(packet);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            socket.close();
        }

    }

    @Test
    public void receiver(){
        DatagramSocket socket = null;
        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket(9999);
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(bytes,0,bytes.length);
            socket.receive(packet);
            System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            socket.close();
        }
    }

六、URL网络编程

1、URL：统一资源定位符，对应着互联网的某一资源地址。

2、格式：

http://localhost:8080 /test/login ? userName=tom&password=123456

协议 主机名 端口号 资源地址 参数列表

 @Test
    public void urlTest(){
        try {
            //实例化
            URL url = new URL("https://i.cnblogs.com/posts/edit;postId=14826332");
            //常用方法
            //获取协议名
            System.out.println(url.getProtocol());
            //获取主机名
            System.out.println(url.getHost());
            //获取端口号
            System.out.println(url.getPort());
            //获取文件路径
            System.out.println(url.getPath());
            //获取文件名
            System.out.println(url.getFile());
            //获取url查询名
            System.out.println(url.getQuery());
        } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }


//通过URL下载文件
    @Test
    public void downloadTest() {
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = null;
        try {
            URL url = new URL("https://i.cnblogs.com/posts/edit;postId=14826332");
            URLConnection urlConnection = url.openConnection();
            urlConnection.connect();
            inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
            fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("test.txt");
            byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
                fileOutputStream.write(bytes,0,len);
            }
            System.out.println("OVER");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (fileOutputStream!=null) {
                try {
                    fileOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream!=null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

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