Linux user 的密码策略设定 /etc/shadow

Linux下的user在/etc/shadow

文件中每行代表一个用户，同样使用 ":" 作为分隔符，不同之处在于，每行用户信息被划分为 9 个字段。每个字段的含义如下：

（1）用户名：（2）加密密码：（3）最后一次修改时间：（4）最小修改时间间隔：（5）密码有效期：（6）密码需要变更前的警告天数：（7）密码过期后的宽限时间：（8）账号失效时间：（9）保留字段

 

 The options which apply to the useradd command are:

       -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR  
           The default base directory for the system if -d HOME_DIR is not specified.  BASE_DIR is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory. If the -m option is not
           used, BASE_DIR must exist.

           If this option is not specified, useradd will use the base directory specified by the HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd, or /home by default.

       -c, --comment COMMENT
           Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is currently used as the field for the user's full name.

       -d, --home-dir HOME_DIR
           The new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the LOGIN name to BASE_DIR and use that as the login directory
           name. The directory HOME_DIR does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing.

       -D, --defaults
           See below, the subsection "Changing the default values".

       -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE
           The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format YYYY-MM-DD.

           If not specified, useradd will use the default expiry date specified by the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default.

       -f, --inactive INACTIVE
           The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of -1
           disables the feature.

           If not specified, useradd will use the default inactivity period specified by the INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or -1 by default.

          账户过期的天数，0：账户会立即过期，-1：这个特征值将被忽略

          默认值在/etc/default/useradd 这个文件里有设置是：-1(可以修改这个文件)

       -g, --gid GROUP
           The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group.

           If not specified, the behavior of useradd will depend on the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs. If this variable is set to yes (or -U/--user-group is specified on the
           command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the variable is set to no (or -N/--no-user-group is specified on the command line),
           useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default.

       -G, --groups GROUP1[,GROUP2,...[,GROUPN]]]
           A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the
           same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group.

       -h, --help
           Display help message and exit.

       -k, --skel SKEL_DIR
           The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by useradd.

           This option is only valid if the -m (or --create-home) option is specified.

           If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the SKEL variable in /etc/default/useradd or, by default, /etc/skel.

-K, --key KEY=VALUE
           Overrides /etc/login.defs defaults (UID_MIN, UID_MAX, UMASK, PASS_MAX_DAYS and others).

           Example: -K PASS_MAX_DAYS=-1 can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all. Multiple -K options can be
           specified, e.g.: -K UID_MIN=100  -K UID_MAX=499

       -l, --no-log-init
           Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases.

           By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user.

       -m, --create-home
           Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the -k option) will be copied to
           the home directory.

           By default, if this option is not specified and CREATE_HOME is not enabled, no home directories are created.

           The directory where the user's home directory is created must exist and have proper SELinux context and permissions. Otherwise the user's home directory cannot be created or
           accessed.

       -M, --no-create-home
           Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME) is set to yes.

       -N, --no-user-group
           Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the -g option or by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd.

           The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs.

       -o, --non-unique
           Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID.

           This option is only valid in combination with the -u option.

       -p, --password PASSWORD
           The encrypted password, as returned by crypt(3). The default is to disable the password.

           Note: This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes.

           You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy.

 -r, --system
           Create a system account.

           System users will be created with no aging information in /etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the SYS_UID_MIN-SYS_UID_MAX range, defined in /etc/login.defs,
           instead of UID_MIN-UID_MAX (and their GID counterparts for the creation of groups).

           Note that useradd will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME). You have to specify the -m options if you
           want a home directory for a system account to be created.

       -R, --root CHROOT_DIR
           Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory.

       -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR
           Apply changes in the PREFIX_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the PREFIX_DIR directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a
           cross-compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support.

       -s, --shell SHELL
           The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the SHELL variable in
           /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default.

       -u, --uid UID
           The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the -o option is used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater
           than or equal to UID_MIN and greater than every other user.

           See also the -r option and the UID_MAX description.

       -U, --user-group
           Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this group.

           The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs.

       -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER
           The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user.

   Changing the default values
       When invoked with only the -D option, useradd will display the current default values. When invoked with -D plus other options, useradd will update the default values for the
       specified options. Valid default-changing options are:

       -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR
           The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to the end of BASE_DIR to form the new user's home directory name, if the -d option is not used
           when creating a new account.

           This option sets the HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE
           The date on which the user account is disabled.

           This option sets the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -f, --inactive INACTIVE
           The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be disabled.

           This option sets the INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd.

 -g, --gid GROUP
           The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the -N/--no-user-group is used or when the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable is set to no in /etc/login.defs). The named group
           must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry.

           This option sets the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd.

       -s, --shell SHELL
           The name of a new user's login shell.

           This option sets the SHELL variable in /etc/default/useradd.

NOTES
       The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the /etc/skel/ directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in /etc/default/useradd or on the
       command line).
 

 

新增用户时指定用户的密码以及设置密码在固定时间将失效

##指定创建用户的根目录，默认是把用户创建到/home/用户名  -b可以指定替换/home 到指定目录
[root@rancher-9 home]# useradd test_004 -b /data
[root@rancher-9 home]# su test_004
[test_004@rancher-9 home]$ cd ~
[test_004@rancher-9 ~]$ ls
[test_004@rancher-9 ~]$ pwd
/data/test_004
[test_004@rancher-9 ~]$