TypeScripty语言简介--环境安装

概述

• typescript是一个面向对象的编程语言，是javascript的延伸
• 过去的javascript在typescript中皆可使用
• typescript是按es6标准
• 使用起来比js更加方便，可重用，利于理解，与其他go/python等语言大同小异
• typescript比js提供了类型推断，类型批注，编译时类型检查，面向对象编程

安装

前提

• 前往nodejs官网安装nodejs环境
• 验证环境

[~]# node -v
v16.13.1

• 配置国内镜像源

[~]# npm config set registry https://registry.npmmirror.com

• 安装typescript

[~]# npm install -g typescript

• 验证typescript

[~]# tsc -v
Version 4.5.4

第一个ts应用

• 代码

const hello: string = "hello";
console.log(hello);

• 编译

[~]# tsc test.ts
# 这里会编译生成同名的js文件

• 运行

[~]# node test.js
hello

tsc使用

• help

[~]# tsc --help
tsc: The TypeScript Compiler - Version 4.5.4                                                                            
                                                                                                                     TS 
COMMON COMMANDS

  tsc
  Compiles the current project (tsconfig.json in the working directory.)

  tsc app.ts util.ts
  Ignoring tsconfig.json, compiles the specified files with default compiler options.

  tsc -b
  Build a composite project in the working directory.

  tsc --init
  Creates a tsconfig.json with the recommended settings in the working directory.

  tsc -p ./path/to/tsconfig.json
  Compiles the TypeScript project located at the specified path.

  tsc --help --all
  An expanded version of this information, showing all possible compiler options

  tsc --noEmit
  tsc --target esnext
  Compiles the current project, with additional settings.

COMMAND LINE FLAGS

     --help, -h  Print this message.

    --watch, -w  Watch input files.

          --all  Show all compiler options.

  --version, -v  Print the compiler's version.

         --init  Initializes a TypeScript project and creates a tsconfig.json file.

  --project, -p  Compile the project given the path to its configuration file, or to a folder with a 'tsconfig.json'.

    --build, -b  Build one or more projects and their dependencies, if out of date

   --showConfig  Print the final configuration instead of building.

COMMON COMPILER OPTIONS

               --pretty  Enable color and formatting in TypeScript's output to make compiler errors easier to read
                  type:  boolean
               default:  true

           --target, -t  Set the JavaScript language version for emitted JavaScript and include compatible library declarations.
                one of:  es3, es5, es6, es2015, es2016, es2017, es2018, es2019, es2020, es2021, esnext
               default:  ES3

           --module, -m  Specify what module code is generated.
                one of:  none, commonjs, amd, system, umd, es6, es2015, es2020, es2022, esnext, node12, nodenext

                  --lib  Specify a set of bundled library declaration files that describe the target runtime environment.
           one or more:  es5, es6, es2015, es7, es2016, es2017, es2018, es2019, es2020, es2021, esnext, dom, dom.iterable, webworker, webworker.importscripts, webworker.iterable, scripthost, es2015.core, es2015.collection, es                         2015.generator, es2015.iterable, es2015.promise, es2015.proxy, es2015.reflect, es2015.symbol, es2015.symbol.wellknown, es2016.array.include, es2017.object, es2017.sharedmemory, es2017.string, es2017.i                         ntl, es2017.typedarrays, es2018.asyncgenerator, es2018.asynciterable, es2018.intl, es2018.promise, es2018.regexp, es2019.array, es2019.object, es2019.string, es2019.symbol, es2020.bigint, es2020.promi                         se, es2020.sharedmemory, es2020.string, es2020.symbol.wellknown, es2020.intl, es2021.promise, es2021.string, es2021.weakref, es2021.intl, esnext.array, esnext.symbol, esnext.asynciterable, esnext.intl                         , esnext.bigint, esnext.string, esnext.promise, esnext.weakref

              --allowJs  Allow JavaScript files to be a part of your program. Use the `checkJS` option to get errors from these files.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

              --checkJs  Enable error reporting in type-checked JavaScript files.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

                  --jsx  Specify what JSX code is generated.
                one of:  preserve, react-native, react, react-jsx, react-jsxdev
               default:  undefined

      --declaration, -d  Generate .d.ts files from TypeScript and JavaScript files in your project.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  `false`, unless `composite` is set

       --declarationMap  Create sourcemaps for d.ts files.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

  --emitDeclarationOnly  Only output d.ts files and not JavaScript files.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

            --sourceMap  Create source map files for emitted JavaScript files.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

              --outFile  Specify a file that bundles all outputs into one JavaScript file. If `declaration` is true, also designates a file that bundles all .d.ts output.

               --outDir  Specify an output folder for all emitted files.

       --removeComments  Disable emitting comments.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

               --noEmit  Disable emitting files from a compilation.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

               --strict  Enable all strict type-checking options.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

                --types  Specify type package names to be included without being referenced in a source file.

      --esModuleInterop  Emit additional JavaScript to ease support for importing CommonJS modules. This enables `allowSyntheticDefaultImports` for type compatibility.
                  type:  boolean
               default:  false

You can learn about all of the compiler options at https://aka.ms/tsconfig-reference

• 指定编译到指定目录

[~]# tsc test.ts --outDir js 
# 这里编译后js会输出到js目录中

• 通过配置文件来管控编译

[~]# tsc --init # 初始化配置文件,修改配置文件tsconfig.json
[~]# tsc --watch # 监视文件变化，自动编译