HSV颜色模型,RGB颜色模型

HSV(Hue, Saturation, Value)是根据颜色的直观特性由A. R. Smith在1978年创建的一种颜色空间, 也称六角锥体模型(Hexcone Model)。

这个模型中颜色的参数分别是：色调（H），饱和度（S），亮度（V）。

  HSV颜色空间模型^[1]

色调H：用角度度量，取值范围为0°～360°，从红色开始按逆时针方向计算，红色为0°，绿色为120°,蓝色为240°。它们的补色是：黄色为60°，青色为180°,品红为300°；

饱和度S：取值范围为0.0～1.0；

亮度V：取值范围为0.0(黑色)～1.0(白色)。

RGB和CMY颜色模型都是面向硬件的，而HSV（Hue Saturation Value）颜色模型是面向用户的。

HSV模型的三维表示从RGB立方体演化而来。设想从RGB沿立方体对角线的白色顶点向黑色顶点观察，就可以看到立方体的六边形外形。六边形边界表示色彩，水平轴表示纯度，明度沿垂直轴测量。

HSV六棱锥

H参数表示色彩信息，即所处的光谱颜色的位置。该参数用一角度量来表示，红、绿、蓝分别纯度S为一比例值，范围从0到1，它表示成所选颜色的纯度和该颜色最大的纯度之间的比率。S=0时，只有灰

  HSV颜色空间模型^[2]

度。相隔120度。互补色分别相差180度。

V表示色彩的明亮程度，范围从0到1。有一点要注意：它和光强度之间并没有直接的联系。

  HSV颜色空间模型（圆锥模型）^[3]

^{RGB色彩模式是工业界的一种颜色标准，是通过对红(R)、绿(G)、蓝(B)三个颜色通道的变化以及它们相互之间的叠加来得到各式各样的颜色的，RGB即是代表红、绿、蓝三个通道的颜色，这个标准几乎包括了人类视力所能感知的所有颜色，是目前运用最广的颜色系统之一。}

简介

RGB 色彩模式使用 RGB模型为图像中每一个 像素的RGB分量分配一个0~255范围内的强度值。RGB 图像只使用三种颜色，就可以使它们按照不同的比例混合，在 屏幕上重现16777216种颜色。

  

Color Conversion Algorithms

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Contents

• RGB to HSV & HSV to RGB
• RGB to YIQ & YIQ to RGB
• RGB to XYZ & XYZ to RGB
• XYZ to CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) & CIELAB to XYZ
• XYZ to CIELUV & CIELUV to XYZ

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RGB to HSV & HSV to RGB

The Hue/Saturation/Value model was created by A. R. Smith in 1978. It is based on such intuitive color characteristics as tint, shade and tone (or family, purety and intensity). The coordinate system is cylindrical, and the colors are defined inside a hexcone. The hue value H runs from 0 to 360º. The saturation S is the degree of strength or purity and is from 0 to 1. Purity is how much white is added to the color, so S=1 makes the purest color (no white). Brightness V also ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 is the black.

There is no transformation matrix for RGB/HSV conversion, but the algorithm follows:

// r,g,b values are from 0 to 1
// h = [0,360], s = [0,1], v = [0,1]
//		if s == 0, then h = -1 (undefined)

void RGBtoHSV( float r, float g, float b, float *h, float *s, float *v )
{
	float min, max, delta;

	min = MIN( r, g, b );
	max = MAX( r, g, b );
	*v = max;				// v

	delta = max - min;

	if( max != 0 )
		*s = delta / max;		// s
	else {
		// r = g = b = 0		// s = 0, v is undefined
		*s = 0;
		*h = -1;
		return;
	}

	if( r == max )
		*h = ( g - b ) / delta;		// between yellow & magenta
	else if( g == max )
		*h = 2 + ( b - r ) / delta;	// between cyan & yellow
	else
		*h = 4 + ( r - g ) / delta;	// between magenta & cyan

	*h *= 60;				// degrees
	if( *h < 0 )
		*h += 360;

}

void HSVtoRGB( float *r, float *g, float *b, float h, float s, float v )
{
	int i;
	float f, p, q, t;

	if( s == 0 ) {
		// achromatic (grey)
		*r = *g = *b = v;
		return;
	}

	h /= 60;			// sector 0 to 5
	i = floor( h );
	f = h - i;			// factorial part of h
	p = v * ( 1 - s );
	q = v * ( 1 - s * f );
	t = v * ( 1 - s * ( 1 - f ) );

	switch( i ) {
		case 0:
			*r = v;
			*g = t;
			*b = p;
			break;
		case 1:
			*r = q;
			*g = v;
			*b = p;
			break;
		case 2:
			*r = p;
			*g = v;
			*b = t;
			break;
		case 3:
			*r = p;
			*g = q;
			*b = v;
			break;
		case 4:
			*r = t;
			*g = p;
			*b = v;
			break;
		default:		// case 5:
			*r = v;
			*g = p;
			*b = q;
			break;
	}

}

When programming in Java, use the RGBtoHSB and HSBtoRGB  functions from the java.awt.Color class.

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RGB to YIQ & YIQ to RGB

The YIQ system is the color primary system adopted by National Television System Committee (NTSC) for color TV broadcasting. The YIQ color solid is made by a linear transformation of the RGB cube. Its purpose is to exploit certain characteristics of the human eye to maximize the utilization of a fixed bandwidth. The human visual system is more sensitive to changes in luminance than to changes in hue or saturation, and thus a wider bandwidth should be dedicated to luminance than to color information. Y is similar to perceived luminance, I and Q carry color information and some luminance information. The Y signal usually has 4.2 MHz bandwidth in a 525 line system. Originally, the I and Q had different bandwidths (1.5 and 0.6 MHz), but now they commonly have the same bandwidth of 1 MHz.

Here is the RGB -> YIQ conversion:

    [ Y ]     [ 0.299   0.587   0.114 ] [ R ]
    [ I ]  =  [ 0.596  -0.275  -0.321 ] [ G ]
    [ Q ]     [ 0.212  -0.523   0.311 ] [ B ]

Here is the YIQ -> RGB conversion:

    [ R ]     [ 1   0.956   0.621 ] [ Y ]
    [ G ]  =  [ 1  -0.272  -0.647 ] [ I ]
    [ B ]     [ 1  -1.105   1.702 ] [ Q ]

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RGB to XYZ & XYZ to RGB

RGB values in a particular set of primaries can be transformed to and from CIE XYZ via a 3x3 matrix transform. These transforms involve tristimulus values, that is a set of three linear-light components that conform to the CIE color-matching functions. CIE XYZ is a special set of tristimulus values. In XYZ, any color is represented as a set of positive values.

To transform from XYZ to RGB (with D65 white point), the matrix transform used is [3]:

   [ R ]   [  3.240479 -1.537150 -0.498535 ]   [ X ]
   [ G ] = [ -0.969256  1.875992  0.041556 ] * [ Y ]
   [ B ]   [  0.055648 -0.204043  1.057311 ]   [ Z ].

The range for valid R, G, B values is [0,1]. Note, this matrix has negative coefficients. Some XYZ color may be transformed to RGB values that are negative or greater than one. This means that not all visible colors can be produced using the RGB system.

The inverse transformation matrix is as follows:

   [ X ]   [  0.412453  0.357580  0.180423 ]   [ R ] **
   [ Y ] = [  0.212671  0.715160  0.072169 ] * [ G ]
   [ Z ]   [  0.019334  0.119193  0.950227 ]   [ B ].

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** February 20, 2000 - typo in this line of the matrix was corrected (0.189423 to 0.180423), thanks to Michal Karczmarek, University of Toronto

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XYZ to CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB) & CIELAB to XYZ

CIE 1976 L*a*b* is based directly on CIE XYZ and is an attampt to linearize the perceptibility of color differences. The non-linear relations for L*, a*, and b* are intended to mimic the logarithmic response of the eye. Coloring information is referred to the color of the white point of the system, subscript n.

L^* = 116 * (Y/Yn)^1/3 - 16    for Y/Yn > 0.008856
L^* = 903.3 * Y/Yn             otherwise

a^* = 500 * ( f(X/Xn) - f(Y/Yn) )
b^* = 200 * ( f(Y/Yn) - f(Z/Zn) )
    where f(t) = t^1/3      for t > 0.008856
              f(t) = 7.787 * t + 16/116    otherwise

Here Xn, Yn and Zn are the tristimulus values of the reference white.
The reverse transformation (for Y/Yn > 0.008856) is

X = Xn * ( P + a^* / 500 ) ³
Y = Yn * P ³
Z = Zn * ( P - b^* / 200 ) ³
    where P = (L^* + 16) / 116

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XYZ to CIELUV & CIELUV to XYZ

CIE 1976 L*u*u* (CIELUV) is based directly on CIE XYZ and is another attampt to linearize the perceptibility of color differences. The non-linear relations for L*, u*, and v* are given below:

L^* =  116 * (Y/Yn)^1/3 - 16
u^* =  13L^* * ( u' - u_n' )
v^* =  13L^* * ( v' - v_n' )

The quantities u_n' and v_n'  refer to the reference white or the light source; for the 2° observer and illuminant C,  u_n' = 0.2009, v_n' = 0.4610 [ 1 ]. Equations for u' and v' are given below:

        u' = 4X / (X + 15Y + 3Z) = 4x / ( -2x + 12y + 3 )
        v' = 9Y / (X + 15Y + 3Z) = 9y / ( -2x + 12y + 3 ).

The transformation from (u',v') to (x,y) is:

        x = 27u' / ( 18u' - 48v' + 36 )
        y = 12v' / ( 18u' - 48v' + 36 ).

The transformation from CIELUV to XYZ is performed as following:

u' = u / ( 13L^*) + u_n
v' = v / ( 13L^* ) + v_n
Y = (( L* + 16 ) / 116 )³
X = - 9Yu' / (( u' - 4 ) v' - u'v' )
Z = ( 9Y - 15v'Y - v'X ) / 3v'

Disclaimer: I (N. Schaller) received e-mail from Alexandre Campo (acampo@laas.fr) stating that he felt the last three lines above should be

Y = (( L* + 16 ) / 116 )^3 * Yn

and then simplify by noticing u'v' - u'v' -4v' = -4v'

X = 9Yu' / 4v'

I have not verified this, but have added it for your purusal.

链接http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/t_convert.html