Posix timers clock_gettime 分析

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int clock_getres(clockid_t clk_id, struct timespec *res)

这个函数就是根据 clk_id 返回相应的 time:

CLOCK_REALTIME     real_time clock 系统绝对时间
CLOCK_MONOTONIC    单调时间

关于这个函数更详细的介绍请参考 man 手册

 

首先假设在用户态

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struct timespec now;   clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &now)

 

走起：

首先要从初始化开始：
kernel/posix-timers.c

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__initcall(init_posix_timers);   #define __initcall(fn) device_initcall(fn)   #define device_initcall(fn)             __define_initcall("6",fn,6)

 

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static __init int init_posix_timers( void ) {               struct k_clock clock_realtime = {                  .clock_getres = hrtimer_get_res,          };          struct k_clock clock_monotonic = {                  .clock_getres = hrtimer_get_res,                  .clock_get = posix_ktime_get_ts,                  .clock_set = do_posix_clock_nosettime,          };          struct k_clock clock_monotonic_raw = {                  .clock_getres = hrtimer_get_res,                  .clock_get = posix_get_monotonic_raw,                  .clock_set = do_posix_clock_nosettime,                  .timer_create = no_timer_create,                  .nsleep = no_nsleep,          };          struct k_clock clock_realtime_coarse = {                  .clock_getres = posix_get_coarse_res,                  .clock_get = posix_get_realtime_coarse,                  .clock_set = do_posix_clock_nosettime,                  .timer_create = no_timer_create,                  .nsleep = no_nsleep,          };          struct k_clock clock_monotonic_coarse = {                  .clock_getres = posix_get_coarse_res,                  .clock_get = posix_get_monotonic_coarse,                  .clock_set = do_posix_clock_nosettime,                  .timer_create = no_timer_create,                  .nsleep = no_nsleep,          };                   register_posix_clock(CLOCK_REALTIME, &clock_realtime);          register_posix_clock(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &clock_monotonic);          // 注册          register_posix_clock(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, &clock_monotonic_raw);          register_posix_clock(CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE, &clock_realtime_coarse);          register_posix_clock(CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, &clock_monotonic_coarse);            posix_timers_cache = kmem_cache_create( "posix_timers_cache" ,                                          sizeof ( struct k_itimer), 0, SLAB_PANIC,                                          NULL);          idr_init(&posix_timers_id);          return 0; }

 

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void register_posix_clock( const clockid_t clock_id, struct k_clock *new_clock) {          if ((unsigned) clock_id >= MAX_CLOCKS) {                  printk( "POSIX clock register failed for clock_id %d\n" ,                         clock_id);                  return ;          }            posix_clocks[clock_id] = *new_clock; }   // 这段代码真的很简单,不需要过多的解释   static struct k_clock posix_clocks[MAX_CLOCKS];   #define CLOCK_REALTIME                  0 #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC                 1   #define CLOCK_SGI_CYCLE                 10 #define MAX_CLOCKS                      16 #define CLOCKS_MASK                     (CLOCK_REALTIME | CLOCK_MONOTONIC) #define CLOCKS_MONO                     CLOCK_MONOTONIC

 

来了

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SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_gettime, const clockid_t, which_clock,                  struct timespec __user *,tp) {          struct timespec kernel_tp;          int error;            if (invalid_clockid(which_clock))                  return -EINVAL;          // 首先检查 clock_id 是否 valid,此时是 CLOCK_MONOTONIC            error = CLOCK_DISPATCH(which_clock, clock_get,                                 (which_clock, &kernel_tp));          // posix_ktime_get_ts(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &kernel_tp);            if (!error && copy_to_user(tp, &kernel_tp, sizeof (kernel_tp)))                  error = -EFAULT;            return error;   }

 

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static inline int invalid_clockid( const clockid_t which_clock) {          if (which_clock < 0)    /* CPU clock, posix_cpu_* will check it */                  return 0;          if ((unsigned) which_clock >= MAX_CLOCKS)                  return 1;          if (posix_clocks[which_clock].clock_getres != NULL)                  return 0;          if (posix_clocks[which_clock].res != 0)                  return 0;          return 1; }

 

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#define CLOCK_DISPATCH(clock, call, arglist) \          (( clock ) < 0 ? posix_cpu_##call arglist : \           (posix_clocks[ clock ].call != NULL \            ? (*posix_clocks[ clock ].call) arglist : common_##call arglist))   CLOCK_DISPATCH(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,clock_get,(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &kernel_tp)) \ (( clock ) <  0 ? posix_cpu_##call arglist : (posix_clocks[ clock ].clock_get != NULL ? (*posix_clocks[ clock ].call) arglist : common_##call arglist))   // 其实最终就是这个样子 posix_ktime_get_ts(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &kernel_tp);

 

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static int posix_ktime_get_ts(clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec *tp) {          ktime_get_ts(tp);          return 0; }     void ktime_get_ts( struct timespec *ts) {          struct timespec tomono; unsigned int seq; s64 nsecs;            WARN_ON(timekeeping_suspended);            do {                  seq = read_seqbegin(&xtime_lock);                  // 加读锁                    *ts = xtime;                  // 当前时间,内核时间(UTC 时间)                    tomono = wall_to_monotonic;                  nsecs = timekeeping_get_ns();                  // 得到距离上一次得到时间中间走过的时间(纳秒)            } while (read_seqretry(&xtime_lock, seq));            set_normalized_timespec(ts, ts->tv_sec + tomono.tv_sec,                                  ts->tv_nsee + tomono.tv_nsec + nsecs); }

这个函数和 getnstimeofday 很像，细节可以参考 gettimeofday

 

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void set_normalized_timespec( struct timespec *ts, time_t sec, s64 nsec) {               while (nsec >= NSEC_PER_SEC) {                  /*                   * The following asm() prevents the compiler from                   * optimising this loop into a modulo operation. See                   * also __iter_div_u64_rem() in include/linux/time.h                   */                  asm( "" : "+rm" (nsec));                  nsec -= NSEC_PER_SEC;                  ++sec;          }          while (nsec < 0) {                  asm( "" : "+rm" (nsec));                  nsec += NSEC_PER_SEC;                  --sec;          }          ts->tv_sec = sec;          ts->tv_nsec = nsec; }

其实原理就是记录一下开始的时间在 timekeeping_init() 中，然后用当前时间减去开始的时间就是经过的时间也就是单调时间～

 

但是 wall_to_monotonic 这个东东就不得不说一下了，他到底是神马玩意儿呢？ 关于它还得追溯到 timekeeping_init() 中

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struct timespec wall_to_monotonic __attribute__ ((aligned (16)));   void __init timekeeping_init( void ) {               struct clocksource * clock ;          unsigned long flags;          struct timespec now, boot;            read_persistent_clock(&now);          // 读取 RTC chip,get the UTC time             read_boot_clock(&boot);            ......             xtime.tv_sec = now.tv_sec;          xtime.tv_nsec = now.tv_nsec;          raw_time.tv_sec = 0;          raw_time.tv_nsec = 0;          if (boot.tv_sec == 0 && boot.tv_nsec == 0) {                  boot.tv_sec = xtime.tv_sec;                  boot.tv_nsec = xtime.tv_nsec;          }            set_normalized_timespec(&wall_to_monotonic,                                  -boot.tv_sec, -boot.tv_nsec);            ...... }

首先读取 RTC 获得 UTC 时间，保存到 xtime 中，最后记录到 wall_to_monotonic,只不过是个负值。其实就是记录一下系统启动时候的 real time.

 

clock_gettime() 函数 基本上也就说完了，这个函数的实现比较简单，但是仍然有几点需要说明:

1. 它和 gettimeofday() 的区别是什么 ？

当 clock_gettime() clock_id 指定为 CLOCK_REALTIME 时，它与 gettimeofday 完全一样，只不过它返回的是纳秒，而 gettimeofday 返回的是微秒。

struct timespec ts;
struct timeval tv;

clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME,&ts);
gettimeofday(&tv,NULL);

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SYSCALL_DEFINE2(clock_gettime, const clockid_t, which_clock,                  struct timespec __user *,tp) {          ......            error = CLOCK_DISPATCH(which_clock, clock_get,                                 (which_clock, &kernel_tp));          // 其实就是调用 common_clock_get(CLOCK_REALTIME, &kernel_tp);                      ......   }   static int common_clock_get(clockid_t which_clock, struct timespec *tp) {               ktime_get_real_ts(tp);          return 0; }           #define ktime_get_real_ts(ts)   getnstimeofday(ts)   // 就是调用 getnstimeofday(),同理再 gettimeofday() 中也是调用 getnstimeofday() ,关于这个函数细节参考下:<a href="http://www.bluezd.info/archives/gettimeofday">gettimeofday</a>

 

2.CLOCK_MONOTONIC 单调时间，那究竟什么是单调时间呢？

CLOCK_MONOTONIC 表示单调时间，此时间会一直增加，不会受系统时间改变的影响。其实就是表示系统启动了多长时间，可通过 uptime 查看.

比如我们用 settimeofday 往回设置时间，假设 current 20:00:00 往回设置 10 s,这样当用 gettimeofday 获得当前时间时是获得的绝对的时间，为 19:50:00,也就是说 gettimeofday 获得的”值”会比没设置前小。但是当用 clock_getime 并指定 clock_id 为 CLOCK_MONOTONIC 时，在时间设置前后其“值”都是递增的。因为在 do_settimeofday 中 wall_to_monotonic 也会被设置，会被往回设置 10 s.

举个例子：
比如系统启动时的 UTC 时间是 20:00:00 ,此时 wall_to_monotonic 记录着这个时间，假设当前时间为 21:00:00,那么系统启动了 1h,通过 clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, …. ) 即可得到这个 1h.好现在往回设置时间，设置到 20:30:00,那么 相应 wall_to_monotonic 的值也会往回设置，为 19：30：00，xtime 回在这个基础上增加，这就是为什么当我们用 clock_gettime 获得单调时间时它的值一直增加了:

下面的代码说明了这一点：

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int do_settimeofday( struct timespec *tv) {          ......            // tv 是要设置的时间          ts_delta.tv_sec = tv->tv_sec - xtime.tv_sec;          ts_delta.tv_nsec = tv->tv_nsec - xtime.tv_nsec;          wall_to_monotonic = timespec_sub(wall_to_monotonic, ts_delta);            ...... }   static inline struct timespec timespec_sub( struct timespec lhs,                                                  struct timespec rhs) {          struct timespec ts_delta;          set_normalized_timespec(&ts_delta, lhs.tv_sec - rhs.tv_sec,                                  lhs.tv_nsec - rhs.tv_nsec);          return ts_delta; }

 

写个测试程序来验证这一点：

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#include <stdio.h> #include <time.h> #include <sys/time.h>   int main( int argc, const char *argv[]) {               struct timeval tv1,tv2;          struct timespec ts1,ts2;          struct timeval temp;              gettimeofday(&tv1,NULL);          clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,&ts1);            temp = tv1;          temp.tv_sec -= 10;            settimeofday(&temp,NULL);            gettimeofday(&tv2,NULL);          clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,&ts2);            printf ( "gettimeofday start = %ld.%6ld,end = %ld.%6ld, \n\t => diff = %f \n" ,tv1.tv_sec, tv1.tv_usec, tv2.tv_sec, tv2.tv_usec, ((tv2.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv2.tv_usec) - (tv1.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv1.tv_usec))/1000000.0);            printf ( "clock_gettime start = %ld.%9ld,end = %ld.%9ld, \n\t => diff = %f \n" ,ts1.tv_sec, ts1.tv_nsec, ts2.tv_sec, ts2.tv_nsec, ((ts2.tv_sec * 1000000000 + ts2.tv_nsec) - (ts1.tv_sec * 1000000000 + ts1.tv_nsec))/1000000000.0);            return 0; }

 

# ./clock_gettime_gettimeofday
gettimeofday start = 1345788337.265370,end = 1345788327.265383,  << end 值明显变小
         => diff = -9.999987
clock_gettime start = 2595.332710380,end = 2595.332726631,      << end 值增大
         => diff = 0.000016

最后 clock_gettime 就大致 BB 完了，还有几个与时间有关的 posix 函数(clock_getres,clock_settime),这几个函数的实现与 clock_gettime 大致相同

This entry was posted in  kernel,  timer and tagged  2.6.32,  kernel,  timer.