Writing your first Django app, part 4
这节主要是关于简单的表单处理
(一)编写一个简单的表单
现在更新我们的模板文件 polls/detail.html ,如下面所示:
<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1> {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %} <form action="{% url 'polls:vote' poll.id %}" method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %} <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" /> <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br /> {% endfor %} <input type="submit" value="Vote" /> </form>然后在polls/views.py中修改vote的方法如下:
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse from polls.models import Choice, Poll # ... def vote(request, poll_id): p = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id) try: selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice']) except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist): # Redisplay the poll voting form. return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', { 'poll': p, 'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.", }) else: selected_choice.votes += 1 selected_choice.save() # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a # user hits the Back button. return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))reverse是一个重定向函数,一般在成功的处理POST的数据后使用。
投票结束后会重定向到result page,我们修改下views.py中results的定义:
def results(request, poll_id): poll = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id) return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'poll': poll})
现在创建一个polls/results.html的模板如下:
<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1> <ul> {% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %} <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll.id %}">Vote again?</a>
(二)使用通用的view
detail()和results()都是相当的简单方法,同理index()方法也是一样,他们代表了web开发过程中一种常见的场景:
通过在url中传递参数,并从数据库中获取数据,加载模板并且显示。因为这个非常常见,django提供了一个快捷方式,叫做'generic views'的系统。
Generic views是一个抽象的模式,你甚至不用编写python代码就能生成一个应用。
下面我们在我们的poll应用中使用这个系统,可以删除很多我们的代码,我们需要进行下面的步骤:
1、转化URLconf
2、删除一些老的、不需要的view
3、基于django的generic views引入新的view
修改URLconf
首先,打开polls/urls.py ,修改成如下:
from django.conf.urls import patterns, url from polls import views urlpatterns = patterns('', url(r'^$', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'), url(r'^(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'), url(r'^(?P<pk>\d+)/results/$', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'), url(r'^(?P<poll_id>\d+)/vote/$', views.vote, name='vote'), )修改view
下面我们删除我们旧的index,detail,results的view,使用django的generic view代替,打开polls/views.py,编辑如下:
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse from django.views import generic from polls.models import Choice, Poll class IndexView(generic.ListView): template_name = 'polls/index.html' context_object_name = 'latest_poll_list' def get_queryset(self): """Return the last five published polls.""" return Poll.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5] class DetailView(generic.DetailView): model = Poll template_name = 'polls/detail.html' class ResultsView(generic.DetailView): model = Poll template_name = 'polls/results.html' def vote(request, poll_id): ....
默认的,DetailView generic view期望URL中获取的主键叫做pk,所以我们把poll_id改为pk
下载我们重新启动服务器,可以看到效果跟之前的是一样的。