day15
1. 权限的基本概述
什么是权限
系统对用户所能执行的功能的限制
为什么要有权限
为了保护每个用户的自己的工作环境和隐私
权限跟用户有什么关系
属主 User u
属组 Group g
其他人 others o
a 所有
对应了三个基础权限
r 可读 readable 4
w 可写 writable 2
x 可执行 executable 1
- 没有权限 权限位占位符 0
[root@qls ~]
total 61152
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 39 Jul 17 19:16 123.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 9272936 Jul 17 12:01 access.log
- rw- r-- r-- 644
文件的类型 属主 属组 匿名
每三个为一组
第一个对应 可读 r
第二个对应 可写 w
第三个对应 可执行 x
没有此权限则用-代替
为什么要设置权限,如何设置权限
设置某个用户对于系统的某个资源拥有什么样管理权力
chmod
选项:
-R
只有root管理员才可以修改任何人的权限 普通用户只能修改自己的权限
2. 权限的设置案例
-rwxrw-r-- test01 dev file.txt
test01 user01属于dev组 qls01属于qls01组
三个用户分别对这个文件拥有什么权限
test01是文件的所有者 可读 可写 可执行权限
user01属于dev组,dev组所拥有的权限,user01同样拥有 可读 可写 权限
qls01不属于dev组,对于此文件来说,就是一个陌生人 拥有匿名用户的权限 可读
判断一个用户对一个文件拥有什么权限
1. 系统会判断该用户是否为所有者,如果是,则按照属主的权限进行访问
2. 如果不是所有者,则判断该用户是否为所属组,如果是,则按照所属组的权限进行访问
3. 如果此用户不是所有者,也不是所属组,则按照匿名用户进行访问
修改权限的两种方法:
字母进行修改
u 属主
g 属组
o 匿名用户
a 所有用户
权限字母
r 可读
w 可写
x 可执行
- 没有权限
赋予的方式
+
-
=
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rwxr--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rwxrwxr-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rwxrwxrw- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-r--rw-rw- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-r--r----- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-rw-rw- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-rw---- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
根据数字进行修改 会把原来的权限全部覆盖掉
-R
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 09:35 data
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:06 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:35 hosts
[root@qls ~]
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 19 Jul 23 09:35 data/
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
drwx------ 2 root root 19 Jul 23 09:35 data/
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:35 hosts
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 19 Jul 23 09:35 data/
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 158 Jul 23 09:35 hosts
/opt/test 针对于此目录
属主为root 属组为dev dev01 dev02
属主拥有所有权限
属组拥有可读 可写权限
其他人没有任何权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 09:40 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 2 root dev 6 Jul 23 09:40 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 0
drwxrw---- 2 root dev 6 Jul 23 09:40 test
3. 权限对文件或者目录的影响
权限对文件或者目录的影响
权限 文件 目录
r 可以查看文件内容 cat head tail 浏览目录及子目录的列表 ls tree
w 可以新增,修改文件内容的权利 vim echo > >> 可以新建或者删除,移动目录中的文件的权利
x 可以执行文件的权利 脚本 可以进入目录 cd
4. 文件权限设置案例
r权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9 Jul 23 09:57 file.txt
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
Changing password for user qls01.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 09:59:14 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ ll /opt/
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9 Jul 23 09:57 file.txt
drwxrw---- 2 root dev 6 Jul 23 09:40 test
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
hostname
[qls01@qls ~]$ head /opt/file.txt
hostname
[qls01@qls ~]$ tail /opt/file.txt
hostname
[qls01@qls ~]$ vim /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "123" >> /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
w权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
-rw-r---w- 1 root root 9 Jul 23 09:57 /opt/file.txt
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:00:14 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
cat: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ vim /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
cat: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[root@qls ~]
uirethruie
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "test" >> /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "test" > /opt/file.txt
[root@qls ~]
uirethruie
test
[root@qls ~]
test
x权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
-rw-r----x 1 root root 5 Jul 23 10:09 /opt/file.txt
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:08:38 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ ll /opt/file.txt
-rw-r----x 1 root root 5 Jul 23 10:09 /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
cat: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "123" >> /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ /opt/file.txt
bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
rw权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
-rw-r--rw- 1 root root 5 Jul 23 10:09 /opt/file.txt
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:11:27 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
test
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "hostname" > /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ vim /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
hostname
pwd
[qls01@qls ~]$ /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
rx权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 /opt/file.txt
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:14:16 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cat /opt/file.txt
hostname
pwd
[qls01@qls ~]$ echo "123" > /opt/file.txt
-bash: /opt/file.txt: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ vim /opt/file.txt
[qls01@qls ~]$ /opt/file.txt
qls
/home/qls01
wx权限 没有什么用处
rwx权限 权限太大
Permission denied
总结: 权限对文件的影响
基础不牢,地动山摇!
5. 目录权限设置案例
权限对目录的影响
r权限 具有可以浏览目录及其子目录下的列表 属性信息
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw-r-- 2 root root 6 Jul 23 09:40 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy03
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:51:09 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls /opt/test/
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.log: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.sh: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy01: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy02: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy03: Permission denied
data.log data.sh data.txt oldboy01 oldboy02 oldboy03
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls -l /opt/test/
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.log: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.sh: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy01: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy02: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy03: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.log
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.sh
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.txt
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy01
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy02
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy03
[qls01@qls ~]$ rm -f /opt/test/data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ touch /opt/test/data.conf
touch: cannot touch ‘/opt/test/data.conf’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ mv /opt/test/data.log /tmp
mv: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
-bash: cd: /opt/test/: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ tree /opt/test/
/opt/test/
0 directories, 0 files
w权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--w- 5 root root 101 Jul 23 10:51 test
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:52:22 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls /opt/test/
ls: cannot open directory /opt/test/: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls -l /opt/test/
ls: cannot open directory /opt/test/: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
-bash: cd: /opt/test/: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ touch /opt/test/123.txt
touch: cannot touch ‘/opt/test/123.txt’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ rm -f /opt/test/data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ mv /opt/test/data.log /tmp/
mv: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ cp /opt/test/data.log /tmp
cp: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ cp /opt/test/data.log /tmp
cp: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ mv /opt/test/data.log /tmp/
mv: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ rm -f /opt/test/data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ ll -d /opt/
drwxrwxrwx 3 root root 34 Jul 23 09:57 /opt/
x权限 进入目录
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 10:57:51 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
[qls01@qls test]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ ls -l
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ rm -f data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ touch data.conf
touch: cannot touch ‘data.conf’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ mv data.log /tmp/
mv: cannot move ‘data.log’ to ‘/tmp/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ cp data.log /tmp/
[qls01@qls test]$ ll /tmp/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data3
-rw-r--r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 11:03 data.log
rw权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw-rw- 5 root root 101 Jul 23 10:51 test
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 11:06:21 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
-bash: cd: /opt/test/: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls /opt/test/
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.log: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.sh: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy01: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy02: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy03: Permission denied
data.log data.sh data.txt oldboy01 oldboy02 oldboy03
[qls01@qls ~]$ ls -l /opt/test/
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.log: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/data.sh: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy01: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy02: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /opt/test/oldboy03: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.log
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.sh
-????????? ? ? ? ? ? data.txt
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy01
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy02
d????????? ? ? ? ? ? oldboy03
[qls01@qls ~]$ touch /opt/test/data.conf
touch: cannot touch ‘/opt/test/data.conf’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ rm -f /opt/test/data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ mv /opt/test/data.log /tmp/
mv: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls ~]$ cp /opt/test/data.txt /tmp/
cp: cannot stat ‘/opt/test/data.txt’: Permission denied
rx权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw-r-x 5 root root 101 Jul 23 10:51 test
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 11:10:14 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
[qls01@qls test]$ ls
data.log data.sh data.txt oldboy01 oldboy02 oldboy03
[qls01@qls test]$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy03
[qls01@qls test]$ touch data.conf
touch: cannot touch ‘data.conf’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ rm -f data.log
rm: cannot remove ‘data.log’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ mv data.txt /tmp/
mv: cannot move ‘data.txt’ to ‘/tmp/data.txt’: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ cp data.txt /tmp/
[qls01@qls test]$ ll /tmp/
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 51 Jul 17 17:59 data3
-rw-r--r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 11:03 data.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 11:13 data.txt
wx权限
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--wx 5 root root 101 Jul 23 10:51 test
[root@qls ~]
Last login: Thu Jul 23 11:12:31 CST 2020 on pts/0
[qls01@qls ~]$ cd /opt/test/
[qls01@qls test]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ touch 123.txt
[qls01@qls test]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[qls01@qls test]$ rm -f data.log
[qls01@qls test]$ mv data.txt /tmp/
[qls01@qls test]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
总结: 权限对目录的影响
对目录设置权限时,不能离开x权限
对文件设置权限时,不能离开r权限
6. 属主属组设置
chown
选项:
-R
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--wx 5 root root 84 Jul 23 11:17 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 qls01 root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--wx 5 root root 84 Jul 23 11:17 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 qls01 qls01 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--wx 5 root root 84 Jul 23 11:17 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
-rw-r--r-x 1 root root 13 Jul 23 10:14 file.txt
drwxrw--wx 5 root root 84 Jul 23 11:17 test
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
drwxrw--wx 5 qls01 qls01 84 Jul 23 11:17 /opt/test/
[root@qls ~]
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 11:17 123.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.sh
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy01
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy02
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy03
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 11:17 123.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 qls01 qls01 0 Jul 23 10:51 data.sh
drwxr-xr-x 2 qls01 qls01 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy01
drwxr-xr-x 2 qls01 qls01 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy02
drwxr-xr-x 2 qls01 qls01 6 Jul 23 10:51 oldboy03
chgrp
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
drwxrw--wx 5 qls01 root 84 Jul 23 11:17 /opt/test/
7. Umask控制权限
[root@qls ~]
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 11:21 123
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 11:21 123.txt
系统中为什么新创建的目录的权限为755,文件的权限为644
都是由系统的控制权限所控制的
umask
[root@qls ~]
0022
系统中是如何计算权限
系统新创建的目录的权限由最大权限777减去umask控制权限022得到的就是755,所以说新创建的目录的权限为755,新创建文件的权限由文件最大权限666减去umask控制权限022,得到644权限,所以说新创建的文件的权限为644,当文件权限遇到奇数时,在奇数为加一
[root@qls ~]
0022
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
0033
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 11:21 123
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 11:21 123.txt
drwxr--r-- 2 root root 6 Jul 23 12:02 oldboy
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Jul 23 11:21 123
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 11:21 123.txt
drwxr--r-- 2 root root 6 Jul 23 12:02 oldboy
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Jul 23 12:02 oldboy.txt
8. day14作业讲解
1.删除用户基本组shanghai03。发现无法正常删除,怎样才能将其删除掉,不能删除用户。
这个组是某个用户的基本组,所以删除不了 跟这里面的用户换个组再删除
2.打开多个xshell窗口连接登录同一虚拟机,使用不同的用户登录多次,分别使用w和who命令显示当前系统上的所有已经登录的用户,取出用户名这一列,注意:同一个用户登录多次,则只显示一次即可。
[root@qls ~]
12:10:05 up 3 days, 25 min, 5 users, load average: 0.04, 0.03, 0.05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
root pts/0 10.0.0.1 Wed09 50:37 0.30s 0.00s -bash
root pts/1 10.0.0.1 12:03 5.00s 0.00s 0.00s w
root pts/2 10.0.0.1 12:09 34.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
root pts/3 10.0.0.1 12:09 32.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
qls01 pts/4 10.0.0.1 12:10 4.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
[root@qls ~]
root pts/0 10.0.0.1 Wed09 50:49 0.30s 0.00s -bash
root pts/1 10.0.0.1 12:03 1.00s 0.00s 0.00s w
root pts/2 10.0.0.1 12:09 46.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
root pts/3 10.0.0.1 12:09 44.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
qls01 pts/4 10.0.0.1 12:10 16.00s 0.00s 0.00s -bash
[root@qls ~]
root
root
root
root
qls01
[root@qls ~]
qls01
root
root
root
root
[root@qls ~]
1 qls01
4 root
[root@qls ~]
3.创建用户olddir,其ID号为1005,基本组为old
groupadd old
useradd -u1005 -g old olddir
4.显示当前登录的用户的UID号,你有几种方法实现?
id
grep 'user' /etc/passwd
echo $UID
5.对于用户来说,组有几种类别?有什么区别?
基本组 每个用户只能有一个基本组
附加组 用户可以拥有多个附加组
6./etc/group文件以:为分隔符,分为四列,解释其每列的含义?
7./etc/gshadow文件以:为分隔符,分为四列,解释其每列的含义?
8.如果想从root用户切换到普通用户,使用什么命令?
su - username
9.切换到普通用户后,想返回到root用户,怎么做?有几种方法,有什么区别?
su -
Ctrl + D
logout
exit
10.Shell主要分为哪几类?
交互式
非交互式
登录式
非登录式
11.Bash Shell的个人及全局配置文件有哪些?哪个优先级别高?
个人高
12.登录式Shell配置文件执行顺序?
13.非登录式shell配置文件执行顺序?
14.在root用户下,以普通用户身份执行"pwd"命令。
[root@qls ~]
/home/qls01
15.什么是sudo?
用来提权 给普通用户提权
16.可以根据哪个文件对sudo提权?
/etc/sudoers
17.登录到普通用户,查看/etc/shadow文件的内容,发现查看不了,怎么办?
提权
切换到root用户查看
设置权限
18.登录到普通用户,删除/opt目录,若无法删除,该怎么解决?
提权
切换到root用户删除
设置权限
要删除一个目录,要看上一级目录的权限
要将一个文件移动或者拷贝到另一个目录时,也需要查看另一个目录的权限
19.登录到普通用户,使用sudo命令时,不想输出密码,怎么解决?
NOPASSWD:
20.怎样查看普通用户的sudo权限?
sudo -l
21.配置好了sudo授权,怎么检查语法是否正确?
visudo -c
22.禁止root用户远程登录,怎么实现?
[root@qls ~]
PermitRootLogin no
23.修改远程连接端口号为2222,然后进行登录?
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
Port 2222
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
Disabled
[root@qls ~]
setenforce: SELinux is disabled
[root@qls ~]
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 543 Jul 15 20:28 /etc/sysconfig/selinux
[root@qls ~]
ssh qls01@10.0.0.100 2222
24.把对sshd的设置修改成原来的设置。
[root@qls ~]
[root@qls ~]
grep 'Port' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
[root@qls ~]
25.说出下面几个特殊符号的含义 * > >>
*
>
>>
..
.
^
$
``
!