C#语言入门详解（刘铁锰）---重写与多态

C#语言入门详解（刘铁锰）视频教程：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1wx411K7rb

IDE：VS2015，  .NET Framework4.5.2

IDE：VS2019， .NET Core 3.1

同一代码以上两种环境均可运行。

1. 重写

类定义中，尽量避免对父类成员的隐藏。应使用virtual-override 重写父类成员。

子类可以重写父类中的非privatede 属性和方法。

Note：方法签名由方法的名称、类型形参的个数和它的每一个形参（按从左到右的顺序）的类型和种类（值、引用或输出）组成。

2. 多态（polymorphism）

多态基于重写机制

类可以声明虚的方法、属性和索引器，而派生类可以重写这些函数成员的实现。这使类展示出“多态性行为”特征，也就是说，同一个函数成员调用所执行的操作可能是不同的，这取决于用来调用该函数成员的实例的运行时类型。

实例1：子类中隐藏式定义父类同名方法

隐藏式定义: 子类定义与父类具有相同参数、相同返回值的同名方法。示例如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace _2021._8._20_重写与多态
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //test1
            Console.WriteLine("-----------test1-----------");
            //类实例化
            Vehicle vehicle1 = new Vehicle();
            Car car1 = new Car();
            RaceCar raceCar1 = new RaceCar();
            vehicle1.Run();
            car1.Run();
            raceCar1.Run();
            Console.WriteLine();

            //test2
            Console.WriteLine("-----------test2-----------");
            //用子类实例化父类
            Vehicle vehicle2 = new Car();          
            Car Car2 = new RaceCar();
            vehicle2.Run();
            Car2.Run();

            Console.WriteLine("-----------Done-----------");
        }
    }

   ///
   ///定义父类Vehicle及其子类Car, Car的子类RaceCar。
   ///每个类中均有同名方法：public void Run()
   ///

   //父类Vehicle
    class Vehicle
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(Vehicle) is running");
        }
    }

    //Vehicle的子类Car
    class Car : Vehicle
    {       
        public void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(Car) is Runing");
        }
    }

    //Car的子类RaceCar
    class RaceCar:Car
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(RaceCar) is Runing");
        }
    }

}

-----------test1-----------
(Vehicle) is running
(Car) is Runing
(RaceCar) is Runing

-----------test2-----------
(Vehicle) is Runing
(Car) is Runing
-----------Done-----------
请按任意键继续. . .

 

实例2：子类中重写（virtual-override）父类同名方法

父类中方法声明时使用virtual修饰，例如：public virtual void Run() 。在子类中使用override对同一方法进行重写，例如：public override void Run()。示例如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace _2021._8._20_重写与多态
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //test1
            Console.WriteLine("-----------test1-----------");
            //类实例化
            Vehicle vehicle1 = new Vehicle();
            Car car1 = new Car();
            RaceCar raceCar1 = new RaceCar();
            vehicle1.Run();
            car1.Run();
            raceCar1.Run();
            Console.WriteLine();

            //test2
            Console.WriteLine("-----------test2-----------");
            //用子类实例化父类
            Vehicle vehicle2 = new Car();          
            Car Car2 = new RaceCar();
            vehicle2.Run();
            Car2.Run();

            Console.WriteLine("-----------Done-----------");
        }
    }

    //父类Vehicle
    class Vehicle
    {
        
        public virtual void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(Vehicle) is running");
        }
    }

    //Vehicle的子类Car
    class Car : Vehicle
    {

        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(Car) is Runing");
        }
    }

    //Car的子类RaceCar
    class RaceCar :Car
    {

        public override void Run()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("(RaceCar) is Runing");

        }
    }
}

-----------test1-----------
(Vehicle) is running
(Car) is Runing
(RaceCar) is Runing

-----------test2-----------
(Car) is Runing
(RaceCar) is Runing
-----------Done-----------
请按任意键继续. . .

实例3：子类中重写（virtual-override）父类同名属性

Vehicle的子类Car重写Vehicle中的属性Speed  。示例代码如下：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace _2021._8._20_重写父类属性
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("-------------test-------------");
            Vehicle vehicle1 = new Vehicle();
            Car car1 = new Car();
            vehicle1.Run();
            car1.Run();
            Console.WriteLine("-------------Done-------------");
        }
    }

    //父类Vehicle
    class Vehicle
    {
        private int _speed; //速度

        public virtual int Speed
        {
            get { return _speed; }
            set { _speed = value; }
        }

        public virtual void Run()
        {
            this._speed = 100;
            Console.WriteLine("(Vehicle) is running on speed {0} km/h", this.Speed);
        }
    }

    //Vehicle的子类Car
    class Car : Vehicle
    {
        private int _rpm; //转速

        public override int Speed
        {
            //--------VS自动生成的代码---------
            //get
            //{
            //    return base.Speed;
            //}

            //set
            //{
            //    base.Speed = value;
            //}
            
            //---------自己重写的代码-----------
            get { return _rpm / 100; }
            set { _rpm = value * 100; }
        }

        public override void Run()
        {
            this._rpm = 5000;
            Console.WriteLine("(Car) is Runing on speed {0} km/h", this.Speed);
        }
    }

}

-------------test-------------
(Vehicle) is running on speed 100 km/h
(Car) is Runing on speed 50 km/h
-------------Done-------------