c++回调函数 callback

1）Callback方式
Callback的本质是设置一个函数指针进去，然后在需要需要触发某个事件时调用该方法, 比如Windows的窗口消息处理函数就是这种类型。比如下面的示例代码，我们在Download完成时需要触发一个通知外面的事件：

typedef void (__stdcall *DownloadCallback)(const char* pURL, bool bOK);
void DownloadFile(const char* pURL, DownloadCallback callback)
{
    cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;
    callback(pURL, true);
}
void __stdcall OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
{
    cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << "    status:" << bOK << endl;
}

(2)Sink方式

Sink的本质是你按照对方要求实现一个C++接口，然后把你实现的接口设置给对方，对方需要触发事件时调用该接口， COM中连接点就是居于这种方式。上面下载文件的需求，如果用Sink实现，代码如下:

class IDownloadSink
{
public:
    virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0;
};


class CMyDownloader
{
public:
    CMyDownloader(IDownloadSink* pSink)
        :m_pSink(pSink)
    {
    }

    void DownloadFile(const char* pURL)
    {
        cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;
        if(m_pSink != NULL)
        {
            m_pSink->OnDownloadFinished(pURL, true);
        }
    }

private:
    IDownloadSink* m_pSink;
};

class CMyFile: public IDownloadSink
{
public:
    void download()
    {
        CMyDownloader downloader(this);
        downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com");
    }

    virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)
    {
        cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << "    status:" << bOK << endl;
    }
};

(3)Delegate方式
    Delegate的本质是设置成员函数指针给对方，然后让对方在需要触发事件时调用。C#中用Delegate的方式实现Event，让C++程序员很是羡慕，C++中因为语言本身的关系，要实现Delegate还是很麻烦的。上面的例子我们用Delegate的方式实现如下:

class CDownloadDelegateBase  
{  
public:  
    virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK) = 0;  
};  
    
template<typename O, typename T>  
class CDownloadDelegate: public CDownloadDelegateBase  
{  
    typedef void (T::*Fun)(const char*, bool);  
public:  
    CDownloadDelegate(O* pObj = NULL, Fun pFun = NULL)  
        :m_pFun(pFun), m_pObj(pObj)  
    {  
    }  
       
    virtual void Fire(const char* pURL, bool bOK)  
    {  
        if(m_pFun != NULL  
            && m_pObj != NULL)  
        {  
            (m_pObj->*m_pFun)(pURL, bOK);  
        }  
    }  
    
private:  
    Fun m_pFun;  
    O* m_pObj;  
};  
    
template<typename O, typename T>  
CDownloadDelegate<O,T>* MakeDelegate(O* pObject, void (T::*pFun)(const char* pURL, bool))  
{  
    return new CDownloadDelegate<O, T>(pObject, pFun);  
}  
    
class CDownloadEvent  
{  
public:  
    ~CDownloadEvent()  
    {  
        vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*>::iterator itr = m_arDelegates.begin();  
        while (itr != m_arDelegates.end())  
        {  
            delete *itr;  
            ++itr;  
        }  
        m_arDelegates.clear();  
    }  
    
    void operator += (CDownloadDelegateBase* p)  
    {  
        m_arDelegates.push_back(p);  
    }  
    
    void operator -= (CDownloadDelegateBase* p)  
    {  
        ITR itr = remove(m_arDelegates.begin(), m_arDelegates.end(), p);  
    
        ITR itrTemp = itr;  
        while (itrTemp != m_arDelegates.end())  
        {  
            delete *itr;  
            ++itr;  
        }  
        m_arDelegates.erase(itr, m_arDelegates.end());  
    }  
    
    void operator()(const char* pURL, bool bOK)  
    {  
        ITR itrTemp = m_arDelegates.begin();  
        while (itrTemp != m_arDelegates.end())  
        {  
            (*itrTemp)->Fire(pURL, bOK);  
            ++itrTemp;  
        }  
    }  
    
private:  
    vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*> m_arDelegates;  
    typedef vector<CDownloadDelegateBase*>::iterator ITR;  
};  
    
    
class CMyDownloaderEx  
{  
public:  
    void DownloadFile(const char* pURL)  
    {  
        cout << "downloading: " << pURL << "" << endl;  
        downloadEvent(pURL, true);  
    }  
    
    CDownloadEvent downloadEvent;  
};  
    
class CMyFileEx  
{  
public:  
    void download()  
    {  
        CMyDownloaderEx downloader;  
        downloader.downloadEvent += MakeDelegate(this, &CMyFileEx::OnDownloadFinished);  
        downloader.DownloadFile("www.baidu.com");  
    }  
    
    virtual void OnDownloadFinished(const char* pURL, bool bOK)  
    {  
        cout << "OnDownloadFinished, URL:" << pURL << "    status:" << bOK << endl;  
    }  
};

 可以看到Delegate的方式代码量比上面其他2种方式大多了，并且我们上面是固定参数数量和类型的实现方式，如果要实现可变参数，要更加麻烦的多。可变参数的方式可以参考这2种实现:

Yet Another C#-style Delegate Class in Standard C++
Member Function Pointers and the Fastest Possible C++ Delegates

个人认为，如果在一个模块中，第一种方便快捷；若是跨模块，第二种更为合适。