Linux基本使用总结记录更新

目录

1.解除安装占用

2.树形图查看目录结构

3.区域截图

4.ubuntu 系统设置应用到桌面快捷方式的使用方法

5.设置快捷命令

6.设置Ubuntu18.04 4K缩放比例

7.matlabR2019b安装

8.Ubuntu18.04 解压文件乱码的解决方法

9.Ubuntu 18.04 swap分区扩展

10.Ubuntu网速调整与测试

11.当前目录搜索文件夹并删除

12.Ubuntu18.04 开机自动开启小键盘(数字键盘)

13.保存终端信息到文件 

14.eigen库头文件找不到问题

15.Linux maple2019激活

16.Ubuntu 安装不同版本壁纸

---

1.解除安装占用

    sudo rm /var/cache/apt/archives/lock

    sudo rm /var/lib/dpkg/lock

2.树形图查看目录结构

    sudo apt-get install tree

    tree / -L 1

3.区域截图

    Shift+PrtSc

4.ubuntu 系统设置应用到桌面快捷方式的使用方法

     sudo apt install gnome-panel

     gnome-desktop-item-edit ~/Desktop/ --create-new

     然后设置命令和图标

5.设置快捷命令

Ubuntu Linux系统包含两类环境变量：

    系统环境变量和用户环境变量。系统环境变量对所有系统用户都有效
    系统环境变量相关文件：
    /etc/environment
    /etc/profile
    /etc/bash.bashrc

    用户环境变量仅仅对当前的用户有效
    用户环境变量相关文件：
        ~/.profile
        ~/.bash_profile 或者 ~./bash_login
        ~/.bashrc

    对环境变量的介绍就到这里。
————————————————
# 编辑环境变量文件
vi ~/.bashrc
# 为需要打开的路径设置一个别名（快捷命令）
alias cd_d='cd /home/username/a/b/c/d'

alias clc='clear'

这样就为打开d所在目录建立了一个快捷命令，但是只会在下次启动生效。如果想要立即生效，需要source ~/.bashrc

结合




nautilus快速打开文件夹，如

alias css='nautilus /mnt/hgfs/Share/'

example for .bashrc

# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.
# see /usr/share/doc/bash/examples/startup-files (in the package bash-doc)
# for examples

# If not running interactively, don't do anything
case $- in
    *i*) ;;
      *) return;;
esac

# don't put duplicate lines or lines starting with space in the history.
# See bash(1) for more options
HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth

# append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# for setting history length see HISTSIZE and HISTFILESIZE in bash(1)
HISTSIZE=1000
HISTFILESIZE=2000

# check the window size after each command and, if necessary,
# update the values of LINES and COLUMNS.
shopt -s checkwinsize

# If set, the pattern "**" used in a pathname expansion context will
# match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories.
#shopt -s globstar

# make less more friendly for non-text input files, see lesspipe(1)
[ -x /usr/bin/lesspipe ] && eval "$(SHELL=/bin/sh lesspipe)"

# set variable identifying the chroot you work in (used in the prompt below)
if [ -z "${debian_chroot:-}" ] && [ -r /etc/debian_chroot ]; then
    debian_chroot=$(cat /etc/debian_chroot)
fi

# set a fancy prompt (non-color, unless we know we "want" color)
case "$TERM" in
    xterm-color|*-256color) color_prompt=yes;;
esac

# uncomment for a colored prompt, if the terminal has the capability; turned
# off by default to not distract the user: the focus in a terminal window
# should be on the output of commands, not on the prompt
#force_color_prompt=yes

if [ -n "$force_color_prompt" ]; then
    if [ -x /usr/bin/tput ] && tput setaf 1 >&/dev/null; then
	# We have color support; assume it's compliant with Ecma-48
	# (ISO/IEC-6429). (Lack of such support is extremely rare, and such
	# a case would tend to support setf rather than setaf.)
	color_prompt=yes
    else
	color_prompt=
    fi
fi

if [ "$color_prompt" = yes ]; then
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\[\033[01;32m\]\u@\h\[\033[00m\]:\[\033[01;34m\]\w\[\033[00m\]\$ '
else
    PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h:\w\$ '
fi
unset color_prompt force_color_prompt

# If this is an xterm set the title to user@host:dir
case "$TERM" in
xterm*|rxvt*)
    PS1="\[\e]0;${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\u@\h: \w\a\]$PS1"
    ;;
*)
    ;;
esac

# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
    test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
    alias ls='ls --color=auto'
    #alias dir='dir --color=auto'
    #alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'

    alias grep='grep --color=auto'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi

# colored GCC warnings and errors
#export GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'

# Add an "alert" alias for long running commands.  Use like so:
#   sleep 10; alert
alias alert='notify-send --urgency=low -i "$([ $? = 0 ] && echo terminal || echo error)" "$(history|tail -n1|sed -e '\''s/^\s*[0-9]\+\s*//;s/[;&|]\s*alert$//'\'')"'

# Alias definitions.
# You may want to put all your additions into a separate file like
# ~/.bash_aliases, instead of adding them here directly.
# See /usr/share/doc/bash-doc/examples in the bash-doc package.

if [ -f ~/.bash_aliases ]; then
    . ~/.bash_aliases
fi

# enable programmable completion features (you don't need to enable
# this, if it's already enabled in /etc/bash.bashrc and /etc/profile
# sources /etc/bash.bashrc).
if ! shopt -oq posix; then
  if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
    . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
  elif [ -f /etc/bash_completion ]; then
    . /etc/bash_completion
  fi
fi
# add /opt/ros setup.bash by yww at 20190718
source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash
source ~/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash

# add ros command definitions
alias eb='nano ~/.bashrc'
alias sb='source ~/.bashrc'
alias gs='git status'
alias gp='git pull'
alias cw='cd ~/catkin_ws'
alias cs='cd ~/catkin_ws/src'
alias cm='cd ~/catkin_ws && catkin_make'

# add user commad
alias cds='cd /mnt/hgfs/Share'
alias clc='clear'
alias css='nautilus /mnt/hgfs/Share/'

# set ros network
export ROS_HOSTNAME=localhost
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://${ROS_HOSTNAME}:11311

# set ros edit tool
export EDITOR='gedit'

#export ROS_HOSTNAME=ubuntu
#export ROS_MASTER_HOSTNAME="192.168.8.1"
#export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://${ROS_MASTER_HOSTNAME}:11311

6.设置Ubuntu18.04 4K缩放比例

查看当前显示缩放比例，0或1表示一倍縮放比

vic@ubuntu:~$ gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.interface scaling-factor
uint32 0

設置縮放比例

vic@ubuntu:~$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.interface scaling-factor 2

一般設置爲2倍縮放比就比較合適

7.matlabR2019b安装

挂载/启动安装

sudo mount -o loop R2019b_Linux.iso /mnt/matlab
cd /mnt/matlab/
sudo ./install

安装过程跟windows上一样

运行激活，激活选择跟windows上安装一样

cd /usr/local/Polyspace/R2019b/bin/
sudo ./matlab

创建图标

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/MatlabR2019b.desktop

编辑图标文件

[Desktop Entry]
Categories=Application;Development;
Comment=Matlab:科学计算的语言
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=/usr/local/Polyspace/R2019b/bin/matlab -desktop -prefersoftwareopengl
Icon=/usr/local/Polyspace/R2019b/toolbox/shared/dastudio/resources/MatlabIcon.png
Name=MATLAB
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false #在启动matlab时不启动终端
Type=Application

给缓存目录相关权限

sudo chmod a+w -R ~/.matlab

或者

sudo chmod 777 /home/vic/.matlab

参考：Ubuntu 18.04安装Matlab 2016b教程(附创建图标快捷方式)_step step的博客-CSDN博客

8.Ubuntu18.04 解压文件乱码的解决方法

sudo apt install unar

格式

unar xxx.zip                        #不需要加参数，自动识别编码

常见使用方法

参数[-o]
解释：指定解压结果保存的位置
~$ unar test.zip -o /home/dir/

参数[-e]
解释：指定编码
~$ unar -e GBK test.zip

参数[-p]
解释：指定解压密码
~$ unar -p 123456 test.zip

列出压缩包内容

~$ lsar  xxx.zip

参考：Ubuntu18.04 解压zip文件乱码的解决方法_Pipcie的博客-CSDN博客

9.Ubuntu 18.04 swap分区扩展

查看当前内存和交换分区大小

free -h

或者查看交换分区大小

sudo swapon --show

重新分配交换分区大小

sudo fallocate -l 16G /swapfile

可能报错如下

fallocate: fallocate failed: Text file busy

解决方法，执行以下命令，再分配大小

sudo swapoff -a

执行以下命令为 swapfile 文件设置正确的权限 

sudo chmod 600 /swapfile

使用 mkswap 实用程序在文件上设置 Linux SWAP 区域

sudo mkswap /swapfile

使用以下命令激活 swap 文件

sudo swapon /swapfile

要让创建好的 swap 分区永久生效，可以将 swapfile 路径内容写入到 /etc/fstab 文件当中

sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.bak
echo '/swapfile none swap sw 0 0' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

查看实际分配结果

free -h

参考：Ubuntu 18.04 swap分区扩展_AlexWang30的博客-CSDN博客

10.Ubuntu网速调整与测试

sudo lshw -numeric -class network
sudo ip addr show
sudo ip route show
sudo tracepath forum.ubuntu.org.cn
sudo apt-get install traceroute
sudo traceroute forum.ubuntu.org.cn
sudo apt install speedtest-cli
speedtest-cli

11.当前目录搜索文件夹并删除

find . -name ".git" |xargs rm -rfv

12.Ubuntu18.04 开机自动开启小键盘(数字键盘)

sudo apt-get install numlockx -y 

sudo gedit /usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-greeter-wrapper.conf

在50-greeter-wrapper.conf末尾添加

greeter-setup-script=/usr/bin/numlockx on

13.保存终端信息到文件 

开始

script log.txt

退出

exit

14.eigen库头文件找不到问题

sudo apt-get install libeigen3-dev

安装后执行以下命令

运行命令：

sudo cp -r /usr/include/eigen3/Eigen /usr/include

15.Linux maple2019激活

sudo apt install lsb-core

sudo ./crack.pl /home/vic/maple2019

16.Ubuntu 安装不同版本壁纸

例如：

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-wallpapers-xenial

17.解决安装oh-my-zsh后，cd到特定文件夹变卡顿的问题

#cd 到相应目录
git config --add oh-my-zsh.hide-dirty 1

#恢复
git config --add oh-my-zsh.hide-dirty 0