多线程编程一直是业界公认比较难也是比较重要，而且是非常基础的一点，掌握它非常重要。Java中多线程编程比较幸福，因为Jdk工程师们考虑了很多东西尽量减少使用Java的难度和复杂度。其实在C++之中是没有内建多线程的，它依赖操作系统提供这个特性，因为C++为了效率，控制C++适用的应用程序的范围。即C++没有内建多线程，它允许你直接使用操作系统提供的多线程。这也意味着你在Linux系统下编写的C++多线程代码很有可能在Windows下不能运行，这也是架构师技术选型的时候一个重要考虑点。
这边文章不是针对整个Thread体系，只是讲解一下一下个人对Thread的理解，而且只是概述不会细讲某个知识点。
什么线程
线程就是操作系统的最小运行单位，在线程之上还有进程。Java允许有多线程。
Java之中线程有优先级priority，子线程优先级默认和父线程一样。
Java中线程的周期
多线程的声明周期概念：
Java之中线程的实现
在Java之中线程控制和业务分离，而且线程的实现有两种方式：
守护线程和非守护线程
守护（daemon）线程：服务其他的线程，比如垃圾回收线程,就是最典型的守护线程。它的最主要特征是：它守护的线程挂了，它就会停止执行，即使它的实现里面有finally块。即daemon线程的finally块不一定执行
非守护（daemon）线程：用户线程，它的特征是：除非主动终止，否则任务会一直执行，直到terminated触发。
User Thread线程和Daemon Thread守护线程本质上来说去没啥区别的，唯一的区别之处就在虚拟机的离开：如果User Thread全部撤离，那么Daemon Thread也就没啥线程好服务的了，所以虚拟机也就退出了。
即user thread会在自己的任务执行完之后才会退出，即使父线程退出了。
thread.setDaemon(true)必须在thread.start()之前设置，否则会跑出一个IllegalThreadStateException异常
Thread的一些基本属性
- name 线程的名称。每个线程都可以有name，java允许线程拥有相同的名字，不指定thread name，就会给你generate 一个。
- priority 等级。Java线程的等级是1~10，默认是5。需要注意的是：有些系统会忽略优先级，程序的正确性不能依赖线程的优先级。
- threadLocals 这些留到ThreadLocal模块再讲。
线程的终止(这个方法很重要)
线程的安全终止推荐使用如下方式：
- Thread.interrupt()
不要使用过期的supend，resume，stop。因为这些方法挂起了也是会占有CPU资源的，使用下面的方法替换掉这些过期的方法：
- 通信使用notify，wait等
- 停止用打断 Thread.interrupt()
public void interrupt() {
if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {
checkAccess();
// thread may be blocked in an I/O operation， 判断如果线程是否是IO类型的operation引起的blocked
synchronized (blockerLock) {
Interruptible b = blocker;
if (b != null) {
interrupted = true;
interrupt0(); // inform VM of interrupt
b.interrupt(this); //这里算是一个回调
return;
}
}
}
interrupted = true;
// inform VM of interrupt
interrupt0();
}
private native void interrupt0();
最重要的逻辑是：interrupt0()
从下面的 registerNatives 函数的讲解可以看出：
它对应的是：
// jdk/src/share/javavm/export/jvm.h:254
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JVM_Interrupt(JNIEnv *env, jobject thread);
调用栈如下：
JVM_ENTRY(void, JVM_Interrupt(JNIEnv* env, jobject jthread))
JVMWrapper("JVM_Interrupt");
// Ensure that the C++ Thread and OSThread structures aren't freed before we operate
oop java_thread = JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread);
MutexLockerEx ml(thread->threadObj() == java_thread ? NULL : Threads_lock);
// We need to re-resolve the java_thread, since a GC might have happened during the
// acquire of the lock
JavaThread* thr = java_lang_Thread::thread(JNIHandles::resolve_non_null(jthread));
if (thr != NULL) {
Thread::interrupt(thr);
}
JVM_END
然后Thread::interrupt(thr); 每个线程的调用都不一样。
void Thread::interrupt(Thread* thread) {
trace("interrupt", thread);
debug_only(check_for_dangling_thread_pointer(thread);)
os::interrupt(thread);
}
//os_linux.cpp
void os::interrupt(Thread* thread) {
assert(Thread::current() == thread || Threads_lock->owned_by_self(),
"possibility of dangling Thread pointer");
//获取系统native线程对象
OSThread* osthread = thread->osthread();
if (!osthread->interrupted()) {
osthread->set_interrupted(true); //设置java线程的interrupted属性
// 内存屏障，使 osthread 的 interrupted 状态对其它线程立即可见
OrderAccess::fence();
//前文说过，线程调用了sleep方法，则通过unpark唤醒
ParkEvent * const slp = thread->_SleepEvent ;
if (slp != NULL) slp->unpark() ;
}
//_parker用于concurrent相关的锁，此处同样通过unpark唤醒
if (thread->is_Java_thread())
((JavaThread*)thread)->parker()->unpark();
//synchronized同步块和Object.wait() 唤醒
ParkEvent * ev = thread->_ParkEvent ;
if (ev != NULL) ev->unpark() ;
}
最后看出interrupt还是调用unpark来进行实现的。
线程的初始化
1）线程默认的命名，修改线程名称使用setName
2）父子线程。Thread.currentThread()可以获取当前线程。
整个Thread最终初始化的调用函数都是下面这个方法：
/**
* Initializes a Thread. 构造一个Thread，这个构造函数是private的。
*/
private Thread(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc,
boolean inheritThreadLocals) {
if (name == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
}
this.name = name;
Thread parent = currentThread(); //当前线程为父线程
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (g == null) { // 如果没有指定ThreadGroup那么它就会自己去找出一个ThreadGroup
/* Determine if it's an applet or not */
/* If there is a security manager, ask the security manager
what to do. */
if (security != null) { //从security manager找出一个group
g = security.getThreadGroup();
}
/* If the security manager doesn't have a strong opinion
on the matter, use the parent thread group. */
// 大多数会使用父线程的thread group
if (g == null) {
g = parent.getThreadGroup();
}
}
/* checkAccess regardless of whether or not threadgroup is
explicitly passed in. */
g.checkAccess();
/*
* Do we have the required permissions?
*/
if (security != null) {
if (isCCLOverridden(getClass())) {
security.checkPermission(
SecurityConstants.SUBCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_PERMISSION);
}
}
g.addUnstarted();
this.group = g;
this.daemon = parent.isDaemon(); // 父线程是daemon线程就创建daemon线程
this.priority = parent.getPriority(); //默认是父线程的优先级
if (security == null || isCCLOverridden(parent.getClass()))
this.contextClassLoader = parent.getContextClassLoader();
else
this.contextClassLoader = parent.contextClassLoader;
this.inheritedAccessControlContext =
acc != null ? acc : AccessController.getContext();
this.target = target;
setPriority(priority);
if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
this.inheritableThreadLocals =
ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);
/* Stash the specified stack size in case the VM cares */
this.stackSize = stackSize;
/* Set thread ID */
this.tid = nextThreadID(); //这是生成线程id ，代码也很简单：不断++而已。
}
/*
* Thread ID
*/
private final long tid;
/* For generating thread ID */
private static long threadSeqNumber;
private static synchronized long nextThreadID() {
return ++threadSeqNumber;
}
ThreadGroup
ThreadGroup 是对Java对Thread的一种组织方式。每一个ThreadGroup都是Thread的集合。
ThreadGroup是一个以树状结构维护的一个数据结构。再我们虚拟机一开始启动的时候就初始化一个Root ThreadGroup给我们，所有的线程都在这Root ThreadGroup下面。
ThreadGroup重要的属性如下：
public class ThreadGroup implements Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler {
/**
* 线程组的parent
*/
private final ThreadGroup parent;
String name;
/**
* 最大优先级
*/
int maxPriority;
boolean destroyed;
boolean daemon;
int nUnstartedThreads = 0;
int nthreads;
Thread threads[]; // 保留的线程数组
int ngroups;
ThreadGroup groups[]; // 子线程组
其中最重要的部分是：
public class ThreadGroup implements Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler {
/**
* 线程组的parent
*/
private final ThreadGroup parent;
Thread threads[]; // 保留的线程数组
ThreadGroup groups[]; // 子线程组
上面的代码片段也就是我们ThreadGroup的组织方式，如下图：
线程组是一个树，每个线程组初始化的时候都有一个parent。
一个线程可以访问自己的线程组information，但是不能访问自己线程组的parent thread group或者其它的thread groups。
获取当前线程
Thread.currentThread() 是静态方法，也就是说在哪里都可以通过Thread.currentThread() 获取当前线程。
Thread其它api
sleep()
yield() : 提醒调度器我愿意放弃当前资源，如果CPU不紧张，则会忽略这种提醒
getId(): 获取线程ID
设置线程上下文类加载器：
join()
当我们调用某个线程的这个方法时，这个方法会挂起调用线程，直到被调用线程结束执行，调用线程才会继续执行。
join的原理
我们看看join的源码：
public final synchronized void join(long millis, int nanos)
throws InterruptedException {
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"nanosecond timeout value out of range");
}
if (nanos > 0 && millis < Long.MAX_VALUE) {
millis++;
}
join(millis); //将毫秒，纳秒都转换成毫秒
}
public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
join(0);
}
public final synchronized void join(final long millis)
throws InterruptedException { //最终执行的逻辑在这里。
// 首先整个方法使用了synchronized来修饰
if (millis > 0) {
if (isAlive()) { //判断这个线程是否是活的，如果是死的直接跳过去，上面都不执行。
final long startTime = System.nanoTime();
long delay = millis;
do {
wait(delay); //最重要的是这个函数，这个函数是Object.wait。会将线程挂起，然后等待一个notify或者notifyAll
} while (isAlive() && (delay = millis -
TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(System.nanoTime() - startTime)) > 0); //阻塞到超时
}
} else if (millis == 0) {
while (isAlive()) { //判断这个线程是否是活的，如果是死的直接跳过去，上面都不执行。
wait(0); //最重要的是这个函数，这个函数是Object.wait。会将线程挂起，然后等待一个notify或者notifyAll
}
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
}
/**
* Tests if this thread is alive. A thread is alive if it has
* been started and has not yet died.
* 测试这个线程是否是活的，如果这个线程已经被调用了started方法，那么它就是活的；要不然就是死的。
* @return {@code true} if this thread is alive;
* {@code false} otherwise.
*/
public final native boolean isAlive();
从上面可以看出最终执行的方法都是public final synchronized void join(final long millis)。
首先整个join方法用来 synchronized 来修饰，然后使用了Object.wait将线程挂起，然后等待一个notify或者notifyAll。
然后想一下join的注解介绍：阻塞到这个线程退出。我猜测在线程退出的时候，底层会调用一个notifyAll来唤醒所有的join的线程。
然后进入源码之中一看：
//thread.cpp 文件。
void JavaThread::exit(bool destroy_vm, ExitType exit_type) {
... //省略了代码
// Notify waiters on thread object. This has to be done after exit() is called
// on the thread (if the thread is the last thread in a daemon ThreadGroup the
// group should have the destroyed bit set before waiters are notified).
// 通知这个线程上的waiters。这个是在thread::exit退出之前就要做好的。
ensure_join(this);
... //省略了代码
然后我们进入ensure_join之中看看。
/**
* 下面是处理Thread.join 的notifyAll的逻辑。
*/
static void ensure_join(JavaThread* thread) {
// We do not need to grab the Threads_lock, since we are operating on ourself.
Handle threadObj(thread, thread->threadObj());
assert(threadObj.not_null(), "java thread object must exist");
ObjectLocker lock(threadObj, thread);
// Ignore pending exception (ThreadDeath), since we are exiting anyway
thread->clear_pending_exception();
// Thread is exiting. So set thread_status field in java.lang.Thread class to TERMINATED.
java_lang_Thread::set_thread_status(threadObj(), java_lang_Thread::TERMINATED);
// Clear the native thread instance - this makes isAlive return false and allows the join()
// to complete once we've done the notify_all below
// 这里是清除native线程，这个操作会导致isAlive()方法返回false
java_lang_Thread::set_thread(threadObj(), NULL);
// 然后通知所有的waiters。
lock.notify_all(thread);
// Ignore pending exception (ThreadDeath), since we are exiting anyway
thread->clear_pending_exception();
}
果然和我猜测的一样。
结论是：线程退出的时候，清除状态，这个时候调用isAlive() 就会返回false。然后调用lock.notify_all(thread); 这个时候就会唤醒线程上所有的wait，然后Thread.join里面的while循环就会继续。但是isAlive返回false了，这样就会退出循环整个查询逻辑结束。
看下面的案例：
public class ThreadJoinDemo extends Thread{
int i;
Thread previousThread; //上一个线程
public ThreadJoinDemo(Thread previousThread,int i){
this.previousThread=previousThread;
this.i=i;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
//调用上一个线程的join方法，大家可以自己演示的时候可以把这行代码注释掉
previousThread.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("num:"+i);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread previousThread=Thread.currentThread();
for(int i=0;i<10;i++){
ThreadJoinDemo joinDemo=new ThreadJoinDemo(previousThread, i);
joinDemo.start();
previousThread=joinDemo;
}
System.out.println("我已经退出了");
}
}
outputs:
我已经退出了
num:0
num:1
num:2
num:3
num:4
num:5
num:6
num:7
num:8
num:9
关闭线程
复制线程
registerNatives
/* 确保 registerNatives（） 会在 clinit 中调用 */
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives(); // registerNatives 是这个类使用到了native 方法，这样注册这个类的native方法。
}
static函数是在clinit之中执行的。
这是一个jni调用方法，最后注册的方法如下：
// jdk/src/share/native/java/lang/Thread.c:43
static JNINativeMethod methods[] = {
{"start0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_StartThread},
{"stop0", "(" OBJ ")V", (void *)&JVM_StopThread},
{"isAlive", "()Z", (void *)&JVM_IsThreadAlive},
{"suspend0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_SuspendThread},
{"resume0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_ResumeThread},
{"setPriority0", "(I)V", (void *)&JVM_SetThreadPriority},
{"yield", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Yield},
{"sleep", "(J)V", (void *)&JVM_Sleep},
{"currentThread", "()" THD, (void *)&JVM_CurrentThread},
{"countStackFrames", "()I", (void *)&JVM_CountStackFrames},
{"interrupt0", "()V", (void *)&JVM_Interrupt},
{"isInterrupted", "(Z)Z", (void *)&JVM_IsInterrupted},
{"holdsLock", "(" OBJ ")Z", (void *)&JVM_HoldsLock},
{"getThreads", "()[" THD, (void *)&JVM_GetAllThreads},
{"dumpThreads", "([" THD ")[[" STE, (void *)&JVM_DumpThreads},
{"setNativeName", "(" STR ")V", (void *)&JVM_SetNativeThreadName},
};
从上面可以看出interrupt0 对应的函数是：JVM_Interrupt。
// jdk/src/share/javavm/export/jvm.h:254
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL
JVM_Interrupt(JNIEnv *env, jobject thread);
多线程编程的一些基本概念
上下文切换
什么是上下文切换呢？
我们的CPU因为运行速度比内存等快了好几个数量级，应对这种情况为了充分使用CPU，我们将CPU的处理时间切片，哪个时间单位归哪个线程执行任务，都是靠排队。每个线程执行任务是需要执行任务的环境的，就像我们工作的时候的工作环境准备。那么准备这些环境也是需要时间的，这样就会浪费了很多CPU执行的时间。所以多线程虽然能提升我们执行任务的效率，但是如果设置的线程数不合理也是有很大的性能消耗。
怎么设置线程数比较合理呢？看下图：
死锁
死锁演示的代码
public class DeadLockDemo {
private static Object lockA = new Object();
private static Object lockB = new Object();
private static class LockAThenB implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (lockA) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "获得 lockA 锁");
synchronized (lockB) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "获得 lockB 锁");
}
}
}
}
private static class LockBThenA implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized (lockB) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ "获得 lockA 锁");
synchronized (lockA) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "获得 lockB 锁");
}
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
int count = 10;
while (count-- > 0) {
executorService.execute(new LockAThenB());
executorService.execute(new LockBThenA());
}
}
}
我们使用jstack 工具 可以看到 死锁里面具体内容
2020-07-06 09:44:12
Full thread dump OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (14.0.1+7 mixed mode, sharing):
.... // 省略了一堆代码。
JNI global refs: 16, weak refs: 0
Found one Java-level deadlock:
=============================
"pool-1-thread-1":
waiting to lock monitor 0x00007fd5c12f8f00 (object 0x000000070f537a48, a java.lang.Object),
which is held by "pool-1-thread-2"
"pool-1-thread-2":
waiting to lock monitor 0x00007fd5c12f7000 (object 0x000000070f537a38, a java.lang.Object),
which is held by "pool-1-thread-1"
Java stack information for the threads listed above:
===================================================
"pool-1-thread-1":
at com.taldh.mutlithread.deadlock.DeadLockDemo$LockAThenB.run(DeadLockDemo.java:26)
- waiting to lock <0x000000070f537a48> (a java.lang.Object)
- locked <0x000000070f537a38> (a java.lang.Object)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(java.base@14.0.1/ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1130)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(java.base@14.0.1/ThreadPoolExecutor.java:630)
at java.lang.Thread.run(java.base@14.0.1/Thread.java:832)
"pool-1-thread-2":
at com.taldh.mutlithread.deadlock.DeadLockDemo$LockBThenA.run(DeadLockDemo.java:38)
- waiting to lock <0x000000070f537a38> (a java.lang.Object)
- locked <0x000000070f537a48> (a java.lang.Object)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(java.base@14.0.1/ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1130)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(java.base@14.0.1/ThreadPoolExecutor.java:630)
at java.lang.Thread.run(java.base@14.0.1/Thread.java:832)
Found 1 deadlock.
0x000000070f537a48 这些表示的是锁头的地址。
这次Thread的代码分享结束了。
ThreadLocal的原理部分留到后面再讲。
更多精彩内容请关注我的微信公众号。我的公众号之中有本人画的多线程知识图谱（理论目录下的多线程知识图片），上面的脑图是截取其中一部分。
最后贴上我的源码解析（代码来自Jdk14）：
package java.lang;
import java.lang.ref.Reference;
import java.lang.ref.ReferenceQueue;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.AccessControlContext;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
import jdk.internal.misc.TerminatingThreadLocal;
import sun.nio.ch.Interruptible;
import jdk.internal.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import jdk.internal.reflect.Reflection;
import sun.security.util.SecurityConstants;
import jdk.internal.HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate;
/**
* A <i>thread</i> is a thread of execution in a program. The Java
* Virtual Machine allows an application to have multiple threads of
* execution running concurrently.
* <p>
* Every thread has a priority (优先级). Threads with higher priority are
* executed in preference to threads with lower priority. Each thread
* may or may not also be marked as a daemon（守护线程）. When code running in
* some thread creates a new {@code Thread} object, the new
* thread has its priority initially set equal to the priority of the
* creating thread（新创建的thread的priority等于父线程）, and is a daemon thread if and only if the creating thread is a daemon. （守护线程，只能创建守护线程）
* <p>
* When a Java Virtual Machine starts up（启动）, there is usually a single
* non-daemon thread (which typically（通常） calls the method named
* {@code main} of some designated（指定的） class). The Java Virtual
* Machine continues to execute threads until either of the following
* occurs:
* <ul>
* <li>The {@code exit} method of class {@code Runtime} has been
* called and the security manager has permitted（许可） the exit operation
* to take place.
* <li>All threads that are not daemon threads have died, either by
* returning from the call to the {@code run} method or by
* throwing an exception that propagates（繁殖） beyond the {@code run}
* method.（除非所有的非守护线程都挂了或者已经返回或者抛出了异常，否则程序run方法之后还在运行。）
* </ul>
* <p>
* There are two ways to create a new thread of execution. One is to
* declare a class to be a subclass of {@code Thread}. This
* subclass should override the {@code run} method of class
* {@code Thread}. An instance of the subclass can then be
* allocated and started. For example, a thread that computes primes
* larger than a stated value could be written as follows:
* <hr><blockquote><pre>
* class PrimeThread extends Thread {
* long minPrime;
* PrimeThread(long minPrime) {
* this.minPrime = minPrime;
* }
*
* public void run() {
* // compute primes larger than minPrime
* . . .
* }
* }
* </pre></blockquote><hr>
* <p>
* The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
* <blockquote><pre>
* PrimeThread p = new PrimeThread(143);
* p.start();
* </pre></blockquote>
* <p>
* The other way to create a thread is to declare a class that
* implements the {@code Runnable} interface. That class then
* implements the {@code run} method. An instance of the class can
* then be allocated, passed as an argument when creating
* {@code Thread}, and started. The same example in this other
* style looks like the following:
* <hr><blockquote><pre>
* class PrimeRun implements Runnable {
* long minPrime;
* PrimeRun(long minPrime) {
* this.minPrime = minPrime;
* }
*
* public void run() {
* // compute primes larger than minPrime
* . . .
* }
* }
* </pre></blockquote><hr>
* <p>
* The following code would then create a thread and start it running:
* <blockquote><pre>
* PrimeRun p = new PrimeRun(143);
* new Thread(p).start();
* </pre></blockquote>
* <p>
* Every thread has a name for identification（鉴定，识别） purposes. More than
* one thread may have the same name. If a name is not specified（指出） when
* a thread is created, a new name is generated for it.
* <p>
* Unless otherwise noted, passing a {@code null} argument to a constructor
* or method in this class will cause a {@link NullPointerException} to be
* thrown. 除非特别声明，否则，乱给构造函数/函数 null，会抛出 NullPointerException
*
* @author unascribed
* @see Runnable
* @see Runtime#exit(int)
* @see #run()
* @see #stop()
* @since 1.0
*/
public class Thread implements Runnable {
/* Make sure registerNatives is the first thing <clinit> does. */
/* 确保 registerNatives（） 会在 clinit 中调用 */
private static native void registerNatives();
static {
registerNatives(); // registerNatives 是这个类使用到了native 方法，这样注册这个类的native方法。
}
private volatile String name; //线程的name的可见性。
private int priority; //优先级
/* Whether or not the thread is a daemon thread. */
private boolean daemon = false; //是否是守护线程
/* Interrupt state of the thread - read/written directly by JVM */
private volatile boolean interrupted;
/* Fields reserved for exclusive use by the JVM */
private boolean stillborn = false;
private long eetop;
/* What will be run. */
private Runnable target;
/* The group of this thread */
private ThreadGroup group;
/* The context ClassLoader for this thread */
private ClassLoader contextClassLoader;
/* The inherited AccessControlContext of this thread */
private AccessControlContext inheritedAccessControlContext;
/* For autonumbering anonymous threads. 自动计数匿名线程 */
private static int threadInitNumber;
private static synchronized int nextThreadNum() {
return threadInitNumber++;
}
/* ThreadLocal values pertainingz(有关) to this thread. This map is maintained
* by the ThreadLocal class. */
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap threadLocals = null;
/*
* InheritableThreadLocal values pertaining to this thread. This map is
* maintained by the InheritableThreadLocal class.
*/
ThreadLocal.ThreadLocalMap inheritableThreadLocals = null;
/*
* The requested stack size for this thread, or 0 if the creator did
* not specify a stack size. It is up to the VM to do whatever it
* likes with this number; some VMs will ignore it.
*/
private final long stackSize;
/*
* Thread ID
*/
private final long tid;
/* For generating thread ID */
private static long threadSeqNumber;
private static synchronized long nextThreadID() {
return ++threadSeqNumber;
}
/*
* Java thread status for tools, default indicates thread 'not yet started'
*/
private volatile int threadStatus;
/**
* The argument supplied to the current call to
* java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.park.
* Set by (private) java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.setBlocker
* Accessed using java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.getBlocker
* 给 java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport.park 调用。
*/
volatile Object parkBlocker;
/* The object in which this thread is blocked in an interruptible I/O
* operation, if any. 这里是IO操作引起的blocked。
* The blocker's interrupt method should be invoked
* after setting this thread's interrupt status.（blocker的打断方法应该在线程修改interrupt status之后执行。）
*/
private volatile Interruptible blocker;
/**
* 判断如果线程是否是IO类型的operation引起的blocked
*/
private final Object blockerLock = new Object();
/* Set the blocker field; invoked via jdk.internal.access.SharedSecrets
* from java.nio code
* todo 这个不明白。
*/
static void blockedOn(Interruptible b) {
Thread me = Thread.currentThread();
synchronized (me.blockerLock) {
me.blocker = b;
}
}
/**
* The minimum priority that a thread can have.
*/
public static final int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
/**
* The default priority that is assigned to a thread.
*/
public static final int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;
/**
* The maximum priority that a thread can have.
*/
public static final int MAX_PRIORITY = 10;
/**
* Returns a reference to the currently executing thread object.
*
* @return the currently executing thread. 当前运行的线程。
*/
@HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
public static native Thread currentThread();
/**
* yield 翻译： 让出
* A hint to the scheduler that the current thread is willing to yield
* its current use of a processor. The scheduler is free to ignore this
* hint.
*
* <p> Yield is a heuristic（启发式） attempt to improve relative progression
* between threads that would otherwise over-utilise a CPU. Its use
* should be combined with detailed profiling and benchmarking to
* ensure that it actually has the desired effect.
*
* <p> It is rarely appropriate to use this method. It may be useful
* for debugging or testing purposes, where it may help to reproduce
* bugs due to race conditions. It may also be useful when designing
* concurrency control constructs such as the ones in the
* {@link java.util.concurrent.locks} package.
*/
public static native void yield();
/**
* Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
* execution) for the specified number of milliseconds, subject to
* the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers. The thread
* does not lose ownership of any monitors.
*
* @param millis
* the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
/**
* Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
* execution) for the specified number of milliseconds plus the specified
* number of nanoseconds, subject to the precision and accuracy of system
* timers and schedulers. The thread does not lose ownership of any
* monitors.
*
* @param millis
* the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
*
* @param nanos
* {@code 0-999999} additional nanoseconds to sleep
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative, or the value of
* {@code nanos} is not in the range {@code 0-999999}
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public static void sleep(long millis, int nanos)
throws InterruptedException {
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"nanosecond timeout value out of range");
}
if (nanos > 0 && millis < Long.MAX_VALUE) {
millis++;
}
sleep(millis);
}
/**
* Indicates that the caller is momentarily （短暂地） unable to progress, until the
* occurrence of one or more actions on the part of other activities. By
* invoking this method within each iteration of a spin-wait loop construct（在空等待的时候调用这个方法）,
* the calling thread indicates to the runtime that it is busy-waiting.（这个调用的thread会指出现在这个runtime是busy-waiting。）
* The runtime may take action to improve the performance of invoking
* spin-wait loop constructions. （这个runtime会改善空循环的调用的performance）
*
* @apiNote
* As an example consider a method in a class that spins in a loop until
* some flag is set outside of that method. A call to the {@code onSpinWait}
* method should be placed inside the spin loop.
* <pre>{@code
* class EventHandler {
* volatile boolean eventNotificationNotReceived;
* void waitForEventAndHandleIt() {
* while ( eventNotificationNotReceived ) {
* java.lang.Thread.onSpinWait();
* }
* readAndProcessEvent();
* }
*
* void readAndProcessEvent() {
* // Read event from some source and process it
* . . .
* }
* }
* }</pre>
* <p>
* The code above would remain correct even if the {@code onSpinWait}
* method was not called at all. However on some architectures the Java
* Virtual Machine may issue the processor instructions（教导） to address such
* code patterns in a more beneficial way.
*
* @since 9
*/
@HotSpotIntrinsicCandidate
public static void onSpinWait() {}
/**
* Initializes a Thread. 构造一个Thread，这个构造函数是private的。
*
* @param g the Thread group
* @param target the object whose run() method gets called
* @param name the name of the new Thread
* @param stackSize the desired（期盼的） stack size for the new thread, or
* zero to indicate that this parameter is to be ignored.
* @param acc the AccessControlContext to inherit, or
* AccessController.getContext() if null
* @param inheritThreadLocals if {@code true}, inherit initial values for
* inheritable thread-locals from the constructing thread
*/
private Thread(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc,
boolean inheritThreadLocals) {
if (name == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
}
this.name = name;
Thread parent = currentThread();
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (g == null) {
/* Determine if it's an applet or not */
/* If there is a security manager, ask the security manager
what to do. */
if (security != null) {
g = security.getThreadGroup();
}
/* If the security manager doesn't have a strong opinion
on the matter, use the parent thread group. */
if (g == null) {
g = parent.getThreadGroup();
}
}
/* checkAccess regardless of whether or not threadgroup is
explicitly passed in. */
g.checkAccess();
/*
* Do we have the required permissions?
*/
if (security != null) {
if (isCCLOverridden(getClass())) {
security.checkPermission(
SecurityConstants.SUBCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_PERMISSION);
}
}
g.addUnstarted();
this.group = g;
this.daemon = parent.isDaemon();
this.priority = parent.getPriority();
if (security == null || isCCLOverridden(parent.getClass()))
this.contextClassLoader = parent.getContextClassLoader();
else
this.contextClassLoader = parent.contextClassLoader;
this.inheritedAccessControlContext =
acc != null ? acc : AccessController.getContext();
this.target = target;
setPriority(priority);
if (inheritThreadLocals && parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
this.inheritableThreadLocals =
ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);
/* Stash the specified stack size in case the VM cares */
this.stackSize = stackSize;
/* Set thread ID */
this.tid = nextThreadID();
}
/**
* Throws CloneNotSupportedException as a Thread can not be meaningfully
* cloned. Construct a new Thread instead. thread 不能clone
*
* @throws CloneNotSupportedException
* always
*/
@Override
protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, null, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
* name. Automatically generated names are of the form
* {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
*/
public Thread() {
this(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, target, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
* name. Automatically generated names are of the form
* {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
* 线程名会自动生成Thread-nextThreadNum()
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this classes {@code run} method does
* nothing.
*/
public Thread(Runnable target) {
this(null, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
/**
* Creates a new Thread that inherits the given AccessControlContext
* but thread-local variables are not inherited.
* This is not a public constructor.
*/
Thread(Runnable target, AccessControlContext acc) {
this(null, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0, acc, false);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (group, target, gname)} ,where {@code gname} is a newly generated
* name. Automatically generated names are of the form
* {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
*
* @param group
* the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
* manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
* SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
* If there is not a security manager or {@code
* SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
* is set to the current thread's thread group.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
* thread group
*/
public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target) {
this(group, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, null, name)}.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*/
public Thread(String name) {
this(null, null, name, 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (group, null, name)}.
*
* @param group
* the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
* manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
* SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
* If there is not a security manager or {@code
* SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
* is set to the current thread's thread group.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
* thread group
*/
public Thread(ThreadGroup group, String name) {
this(group, null, name, 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, target, name)}.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*/
public Thread(Runnable target, String name) {
this(null, target, name, 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object so that it has {@code target}
* as its run object, has the specified {@code name} as its name,
* and belongs to the thread group referred to by {@code group}.
*
* <p>If there is a security manager, its
* {@link SecurityManager#checkAccess(ThreadGroup) checkAccess}
* method is invoked with the ThreadGroup as its argument.
*
* <p>In addition, its {@code checkPermission} method is invoked with
* the {@code RuntimePermission("enableContextClassLoaderOverride")}
* permission when invoked directly or indirectly by the constructor
* of a subclass which overrides the {@code getContextClassLoader}
* or {@code setContextClassLoader} methods.
*
* <p>The priority of the newly created thread is set equal to the
* priority of the thread creating it, that is, the currently running
* thread. The method {@linkplain #setPriority setPriority} may be
* used to change the priority to a new value.
*
* <p>The newly created thread is initially marked as being a daemon
* thread if and only if the thread creating it is currently marked
* as a daemon thread. The method {@linkplain #setDaemon setDaemon}
* may be used to change whether or not a thread is a daemon.
*
* @param group
* the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
* manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
* SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
* If there is not a security manager or {@code
* SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
* is set to the current thread's thread group.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
* thread group or cannot override the context class loader methods.
*/
public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name) {
this(group, target, name, 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object so that it has {@code target}
* as its run object, has the specified {@code name} as its name,
* and belongs to the thread group referred to by {@code group}, and has
* the specified <i>stack size</i>.
*
* <p>This constructor is identical to {@link
* #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String)} with the exception of the fact
* that it allows the thread stack size to be specified. The stack size
* is the approximate number of bytes of address space that the virtual
* machine is to allocate for this thread's stack. <b>The effect of the
* {@code stackSize} parameter, if any, is highly platform dependent.</b>
*
* <p>On some platforms, specifying a higher value for the
* {@code stackSize} parameter may allow a thread to achieve greater
* recursion depth before throwing a {@link StackOverflowError}.
* Similarly, specifying a lower value may allow a greater number of
* threads to exist concurrently without throwing an {@link
* OutOfMemoryError} (or other internal error). The details of
* the relationship between the value of the {@code stackSize} parameter
* and the maximum recursion depth and concurrency level are
* platform-dependent. <b>On some platforms, the value of the
* {@code stackSize} parameter may have no effect whatsoever.</b>
*
* <p>The virtual machine is free to treat the {@code stackSize}
* parameter as a suggestion. If the specified value is unreasonably low
* for the platform, the virtual machine may instead use some
* platform-specific minimum value; if the specified value is unreasonably
* high, the virtual machine may instead use some platform-specific
* maximum. Likewise, the virtual machine is free to round the specified
* value up or down as it sees fit (or to ignore it completely).
*
* <p>Specifying a value of zero for the {@code stackSize} parameter will
* cause this constructor to behave exactly like the
* {@code Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)} constructor.
*
* <p><i>Due to the platform-dependent nature of the behavior of this
* constructor, extreme care should be exercised in its use.
* The thread stack size necessary to perform a given computation will
* likely vary from one JRE implementation to another. In light of this
* variation, careful tuning of the stack size parameter may be required,
* and the tuning may need to be repeated for each JRE implementation on
* which an application is to run.</i>
*
* <p>Implementation note: Java platform implementers are encouraged to
* document their implementation's behavior with respect to the
* {@code stackSize} parameter.
*
*
* @param group
* the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
* manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
* SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
* If there is not a security manager or {@code
* SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
* is set to the current thread's thread group.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*
* @param stackSize
* the desired stack size for the new thread, or zero to indicate
* that this parameter is to be ignored.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
* thread group
*
* @since 1.4
*/
public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize) {
this(group, target, name, stackSize, null, true);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object so that it has {@code target}
* as its run object, has the specified {@code name} as its name,
* belongs to the thread group referred to by {@code group}, has
* the specified {@code stackSize}, and inherits initial values for
* {@linkplain InheritableThreadLocal inheritable thread-local} variables
* if {@code inheritThreadLocals} is {@code true}.
*
* <p> This constructor is identical to {@link
* #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String,long)} with the added ability to
* suppress, or not, the inheriting of initial values for inheritable
* thread-local variables from the constructing thread. This allows for
* finer grain control over inheritable thread-locals. Care must be taken
* when passing a value of {@code false} for {@code inheritThreadLocals},
* as it may lead to unexpected behavior if the new thread executes code
* that expects a specific thread-local value to be inherited.
*
* <p> Specifying a value of {@code true} for the {@code inheritThreadLocals}
* parameter will cause this constructor to behave exactly like the
* {@code Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String, long)} constructor.
*
* @param group
* the thread group. If {@code null} and there is a security
* manager, the group is determined by {@linkplain
* SecurityManager#getThreadGroup SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()}.
* If there is not a security manager or {@code
* SecurityManager.getThreadGroup()} returns {@code null}, the group
* is set to the current thread's thread group.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
*
* @param stackSize
* the desired stack size for the new thread, or zero to indicate
* that this parameter is to be ignored
*
* @param inheritThreadLocals
* if {@code true}, inherit initial values for inheritable
* thread-locals from the constructing thread, otherwise no initial
* values are inherited
*. 如果是true 会从父类之中继承ThreadLocals
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot create a thread in the specified
* thread group
*
* @since 9
*/
public Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, boolean inheritThreadLocals) {
this(group, target, name, stackSize, null, inheritThreadLocals);
}
/**
* Causes this thread to begin execution; the Java Virtual Machine
* calls the {@code run} method of this thread.
* <p>
* The result is that two threads are running concurrently: the
* current thread (which returns from the call to the
* {@code start} method) and the other thread (which executes its
* {@code run} method).
* <p>
* It is never legal to start a thread more than once.
* In particular, a thread may not be restarted once it has completed
* execution. 它允许被允许很多次，如果一个它完成的execution。
*
* @throws IllegalThreadStateException if the thread was already started.
* @see #run()
* @see #stop()
*/
public synchronized void start() {
/**
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
*
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW". 状态一开始是NEW
*/
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
* and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
start0();
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
it will be passed up the call stack */
// 注意如果线程抛出异常，这里会ignore 只能在group 之中查找出来 startFailed的thread。
}
}
}
private native void start0();
/**
* 这里是真正线程需要实现的逻辑
* If this thread was constructed using a separate
* {@code Runnable} run object, then that
* {@code Runnable} object's {@code run} method is called;
* otherwise, this method does nothing and returns.
* <p>
* Subclasses of {@code Thread} should override this method.
*
* @see #start()
* @see #stop()
* @see #Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)
*/
@Override
public void run() {
if (target != null) {
target.run();
}
}
/**
* This method is called by the system to give a Thread
* a chance to clean up before it actually exits.
* 这个线程给system一个机会在真正退出之前clean up，比如清楚ThreadLocal
*/
private void exit() {
if (threadLocals != null && TerminatingThreadLocal.REGISTRY.isPresent()) {
TerminatingThreadLocal.threadTerminated();
}
if (group != null) {
group.threadTerminated(this);
group = null;
}
/* Aggressively null out all reference fields: see bug 4006245 */
target = null;
/* Speed the release of some of these resources */
threadLocals = null;
inheritableThreadLocals = null;
inheritedAccessControlContext = null;
blocker = null;
uncaughtExceptionHandler = null;
}
/**
* Forces the thread to stop executing. 暴力停止运行。
* <p>
* If there is a security manager installed, its {@code checkAccess}
* method is called with {@code this}
* as its argument. This may result in a
* {@code SecurityException} being raised (in the current thread).
* <p>
* If this thread is different from the current thread (that is, the current
* thread is trying to stop a thread other than itself), the
* security manager's {@code checkPermission} method (with a
* {@code RuntimePermission("stopThread")} argument) is called in
* addition.
* Again, this may result in throwing a
* {@code SecurityException} (in the current thread).
* <p>
* The thread represented by this thread is forced to stop whatever
* it is doing abnormally （不管这个线程是否异常都退出） and to throw a newly created
* {@code ThreadDeath} object as an exception. （并且会抛出一个对象ThreadDeath 作为一个异常）
* <p>
* It is permitted to stop a thread that has not yet been started. 如果这个线程还没start，它离开被stop
* If the thread is eventually started, it immediately terminates. 如果线程还是启动了，那么它立刻终止。
* <p>
* An application should not normally try to catch
* {@code ThreadDeath} unless it must do some extraordinary （异常）
* cleanup operation (note that the throwing of
* {@code ThreadDeath} causes {@code finally} clauses of
* {@code try} statements to be executed before the thread
* officially dies). If a {@code catch} clause catches a
* {@code ThreadDeath} object, it is important to rethrow the
* object so that the thread actually dies.
* application应该捕获ThreadDeath异常。如果捕获了一个ThreadDeath异常，那么rethrow非常重要。
* <p>
* The top-level error handler that reacts to otherwise uncaught
* exceptions does not print out a message or otherwise notify the
* application if the uncaught exception is an instance of
* {@code ThreadDeath}.
*
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread cannot
* modify this thread.
* @see #interrupt()
* @see #checkAccess()
* @see #run()
* @see #start()
* @see ThreadDeath
* @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException(Thread,Throwable)
* @see SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)
* @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
* @deprecated This method is inherently unsafe. Stopping a thread with
* Thread.stop causes it to unlock all of the monitors that it
* has locked (as a natural consequence of the unchecked
* {@code ThreadDeath} exception propagating up the stack). If
* any of the objects previously protected by these monitors were in
* an inconsistent state, the damaged objects become visible to
* other threads, potentially resulting in arbitrary behavior. Many
* uses of {@code stop} should be replaced by code that simply
* modifies some variable to indicate that the target thread should
* stop running. The target thread should check this variable
* regularly, and return from its run method in an orderly fashion
* if the variable indicates that it is to stop running. If the
* target thread waits for long periods (on a condition variable,
* for example), the {@code interrupt} method should be used to
* interrupt the wait. 被interrupt替换。
* For more information, see
* <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
* are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
*/
@Deprecated(since="1.2")
public final void stop() {
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (security != null) {
checkAccess();
if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {
security.checkPermission(SecurityConstants.STOP_THREAD_PERMISSION);
}
}
// A zero status value corresponds to "NEW", it can't change to
// not-NEW because we hold the lock.
if (threadStatus != 0) {
resume(); // Wake up thread if it was suspended; no-op otherwise
}
// The VM can handle all thread states
stop0(new ThreadDeath());
}
/**
* Interrupts this thread. 打断这个线程。
*
* <p> Unless the current thread is interrupting itself, which is
* always permitted, the {@link #checkAccess() checkAccess} method
* of this thread is invoked, which may cause a {@link
* SecurityException} to be thrown. 最少这个线程可以自己打断自己。
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an invocation of the {@link
* Object#wait() wait()}, {@link Object#wait(long) wait(long)}, or {@link
* Object#wait(long, int) wait(long, int)} methods of the {@link Object}
* class, or of the {@link #join()}, {@link #join(long)}, {@link
* #join(long, int)}, {@link #sleep(long)}, or {@link #sleep(long, int)},
* methods of this class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and it
* will receive an {@link InterruptedException}.
* 如果这个线程在blocked状态，并且是如上方法引起的，那么调用这个方法，interrupt status will be cleared并且会获取一个 InterruptedException
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an I/O operation upon an {@link
* java.nio.channels.InterruptibleChannel InterruptibleChannel}
* then the channel will be closed, the thread's interrupt
* status will be set, and the thread will receive a {@link
* java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException}.
* 如果这个线程在blocked状态，并且是IO类型的操作，比如InterruptibleChannel那么，the thread's interrupt status will be set并且获取一个ClosedByInterruptException
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in a {@link java.nio.channels.Selector}
* then the thread's interrupt status will be set and it will return
* immediately from the selection operation, possibly with a non-zero
* value, just as if the selector's {@link
* java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup wakeup} method were invoked.
* 如果这个线程是被Selector blocked住，这个线程的interrupt status会被设置，然后立刻返回selection的 操作，可能是非零，并且java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup会被调用。
*
* <p> If none of the previous conditions hold then this thread's interrupt
* status will be set. </p>
* 如果之前的conditions不存在，直接set interrupt status=true
*
* <p> Interrupting a thread that is not alive need not have any effect.
* 打断一个非活跃的线程，没有任何用处。
*
* @implNote In the JDK Reference Implementation, interruption of a thread
* that is not alive still records that the interrupt request was made and
* will report it via {@link #interrupted} and {@link #isInterrupted()}.
* 注意，即使打断一个不活跃的线程，也会有也会有记录，记录线程的interrupted。
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot modify this thread
*
* @revised 6.0, 14
* @spec JSR-51
*/
public void interrupt() {
if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {
checkAccess();
// thread may be blocked in an I/O operation， 判断如果线程是否是IO类型的operation引起的blocked
synchronized (blockerLock) {
Interruptible b = blocker;
if (b != null) {
interrupted = true;
interrupt0(); // inform VM of interrupt
b.interrupt(this); //这里算是一个回调
return;
}
}
}
interrupted = true;
// inform VM of interrupt
interrupt0();
}
/**
* Tests whether the current thread has been interrupted. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the thread is cleared by this method. In
* other words, if this method were to be called twice in succession, the
* second call would return false (unless the current thread were
* interrupted again, after the first call had cleared its interrupted
* status and before the second call had examined it).
* 已经打断的了话返回已经打断成功的状态，并且清除这个状态，interrupted置为false。
*
* @return {@code true} if the current thread has been interrupted;
* {@code false} otherwise.
* @see #isInterrupted()
* @revised 6.0, 14
*/
public static boolean interrupted() {
Thread t = currentThread();
boolean interrupted = t.interrupted;
// We may have been interrupted the moment after we read the field,
// so only clear the field if we saw that it was set and will return
// true; otherwise we could lose an interrupt.
if (interrupted) {
t.interrupted = false;
clearInterruptEvent();
}
return interrupted;
}
/**
* Tests whether this thread has been interrupted. The <i>interrupted
* status</i> of the thread is unaffected by this method.
* 询问是否打断。
*
* @return {@code true} if this thread has been interrupted;
* {@code false} otherwise.
* @see #interrupted()
* @revised 6.0, 14
*/
public boolean isInterrupted() {
return interrupted;
}
/**
* Tests if this thread is alive. A thread is alive if it has
* been started and has not yet died.
* 访问thread是否alive。
*
* @return {@code true} if this thread is alive;
* {@code false} otherwise.
*/
public final native boolean isAlive();
/**
* Suspends this thread. 挂起。过期了，因为旧的逻辑suspends之后线程也会占着资源不放。使用interrupt或者cancel，sleep来释放资源。
* <p>
* First, the {@code checkAccess} method of this thread is called
* with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
* {@code SecurityException }(in the current thread).
* <p>
* If the thread is alive, it is suspended and makes no further
* progress unless and until it is resumed.
*
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread cannot modify
* this thread.
* @see #checkAccess
* @deprecated This method has been deprecated, as it is
* inherently deadlock-prone. If the target thread holds a lock on the
* monitor protecting a critical system resource when it is suspended, no
* thread can access this resource until the target thread is resumed. If
* the thread that would resume the target thread attempts to lock this
* monitor prior to calling {@code resume}, deadlock results. Such
* deadlocks typically manifest themselves as "frozen" processes.
* For more information, see
* <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
* are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
*/
@Deprecated(since="1.2", forRemoval=true)
public final void suspend() {
checkAccess();
suspend0();
}
/**
* Resumes a suspended thread.
* <p>
* First, the {@code checkAccess} method of this thread is called
* with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
* {@code SecurityException} (in the current thread).
* <p>
* If the thread is alive but suspended, it is resumed and is
* permitted to make progress in its execution.
*
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread cannot modify this
* thread.
* @see #checkAccess
* @see #suspend()
* @deprecated This method exists solely for use with {@link #suspend},
* which has been deprecated because it is deadlock-prone.
* For more information, see
* <a href="{@docRoot}/java.base/java/lang/doc-files/threadPrimitiveDeprecation.html">Why
* are Thread.stop, Thread.suspend and Thread.resume Deprecated?</a>.
*/
@Deprecated(since="1.2", forRemoval=true)
public final void resume() {
checkAccess();
resume0();
}
/**
* Changes the priority of this thread. 修改优先级。
* <p>
* First the {@code checkAccess} method of this thread is called
* with no arguments. This may result in throwing a {@code SecurityException}.
* <p>
* Otherwise, the priority of this thread is set to the smaller of
* the specified {@code newPriority} and the maximum permitted
* priority of the thread's thread group.
*
* @param newPriority priority to set this thread to
* @throws IllegalArgumentException If the priority is not in the
* range {@code MIN_PRIORITY} to
* {@code MAX_PRIORITY}.
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread cannot modify
* this thread.
* @see #getPriority
* @see #checkAccess()
* @see #getThreadGroup()
* @see #MAX_PRIORITY
* @see #MIN_PRIORITY
* @see ThreadGroup#getMaxPriority()
*/
public final void setPriority(int newPriority) {
ThreadGroup g;
checkAccess();
if (newPriority > MAX_PRIORITY || newPriority < MIN_PRIORITY) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
if((g = getThreadGroup()) != null) {
if (newPriority > g.getMaxPriority()) {
newPriority = g.getMaxPriority();
}
setPriority0(priority = newPriority);
}
}
/**
* Returns this thread's priority.
*
* @return this thread's priority.
* @see #setPriority
*/
public final int getPriority() {
return priority;
}
/**
* Changes the name of this thread to be equal to the argument {@code name}.
* <p> 修改线程名称。
* First the {@code checkAccess} method of this thread is called
* with no arguments. This may result in throwing a
* {@code SecurityException}.
*
* @param name the new name for this thread.
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread cannot modify this
* thread.
* @see #getName
* @see #checkAccess()
*/
public final synchronized void setName(String name) {
checkAccess();
if (name == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
}
this.name = name;
if (threadStatus != 0) {
setNativeName(name);
}
}
/**
* Returns this thread's name.
*
* @return this thread's name.
* @see #setName(String)
*/
public final String getName() {
return name;
}
/**
* Returns the thread group to which this thread belongs.
* This method returns null if this thread has died
* (been stopped).
*
* @return this thread's thread group.
*/
public final ThreadGroup getThreadGroup() {
return group;
}
/**
* Returns an estimate （估算） of the number of active threads in the current
* thread's {@linkplain java.lang.ThreadGroup thread group} and its
* subgroups. Recursively（递归地） iterates over all subgroups in the current
* thread's thread group.
*
* <p> The value returned is only an estimate because the number of
* threads may change dynamically while this method traverses internal
* data structures, and might be affected by the presence of certain
* system threads. This method is intended primarily for debugging
* and monitoring purposes.
*
* @return an estimate of the number of active threads in the current
* thread's thread group and in any other thread group that
* has the current thread's thread group as an ancestor
*/
public static int activeCount() {
return currentThread().getThreadGroup().activeCount();
}
/**
* enumerate 列举。
* Copies into the specified array every active thread in the current
* thread's thread group and its subgroups. This method simply
* invokes the {@link java.lang.ThreadGroup#enumerate(Thread[])}
* method of the current thread's thread group.
*
* <p> An application might use the {@linkplain #activeCount activeCount}
* method to get an estimate of how big the array should be, however
* <i>if the array is too short to hold all the threads, the extra threads
* are silently ignored.</i> If it is critical to obtain every active
* thread in the current thread's thread group and its subgroups, the
* invoker should verify that the returned int value is strictly less
* than the length of {@code tarray}.
*
* <p> Due to the inherent race condition in this method, it is recommended
* that the method only be used for debugging and monitoring purposes.
*
* @param tarray
* an array into which to put the list of threads
*
* @return the number of threads put into the array
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if {@link java.lang.ThreadGroup#checkAccess} determines that
* the current thread cannot access its thread group
*/
public static int enumerate(Thread tarray[]) {
return currentThread().getThreadGroup().enumerate(tarray);
}
/**
* Throws {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @return nothing
*
* @deprecated This method was originally designed to count the number of
* stack frames but the results were never well-defined and it
* depended on thread-suspension.
* This method is subject to removal in a future version of Java SE.
* @see StackWalker
*/
@Deprecated(since="1.2", forRemoval=true)
public int countStackFrames() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds for this thread to
* die. A timeout of {@code 0} means to wait forever.
* 最多等待多少millis毫秒，等这个线程die。如果是参数0，就等到永远。
*
* <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls
* conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the
* {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that
* applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or
* {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances. 实现是使用了循环的wait()。因为一个线程terminate的时候notifyAll方法会被调用。建议在applications中，不要在Thread中使用wait，notify，notifyAlll。
*
* @param millis
* the time to wait in milliseconds
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public final synchronized void join(final long millis)
throws InterruptedException {
if (millis > 0) {
if (isAlive()) {
final long startTime = System.nanoTime();
long delay = millis;
do {
wait(delay);
} while (isAlive() && (delay = millis -
TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(System.nanoTime() - startTime)) > 0);
}
} else if (millis == 0) {
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
}
/**
* 同上。
* Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds plus
* {@code nanos} nanoseconds for this thread to die.
* If both arguments are {@code 0}, it means to wait forever.
*
* <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls
* conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the
* {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that
* applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or
* {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances.
*
* @param millis
* the time to wait in milliseconds
*
* @param nanos
* {@code 0-999999} additional nanoseconds to wait
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative, or the value
* of {@code nanos} is not in the range {@code 0-999999}
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public final synchronized void join(long millis, int nanos)
throws InterruptedException {
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (nanos < 0 || nanos > 999999) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"nanosecond timeout value out of range");
}
if (nanos > 0 && millis < Long.MAX_VALUE) {
millis++;
}
join(millis);
}
/**
* 等到永远。
* Waits for this thread to die.
*
* <p> An invocation of this method behaves in exactly the same
* way as the invocation
*
* <blockquote>
* {@linkplain #join(long) join}{@code (0)}
* </blockquote>
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public final void join() throws InterruptedException {
join(0);
}
/**
* 打印stack。栈帧。
* Prints a stack trace of the current thread to the standard error stream.
* This method is used only for debugging.
*/
public static void dumpStack() {
new Exception("Stack trace").printStackTrace();
}
/**
* Marks this thread as either a {@linkplain #isDaemon daemon} thread
* or a user thread. The Java Virtual Machine exits when the only
* threads running are all daemon threads.
*
* <p> This method must be invoked before the thread is started.
*
* @param on
* if {@code true}, marks this thread as a daemon thread
*
* @throws IllegalThreadStateException
* if this thread is {@linkplain #isAlive alive}
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if {@link #checkAccess} determines that the current
* thread cannot modify this thread
*/
public final void setDaemon(boolean on) {
checkAccess();
if (isAlive()) {
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
}
daemon = on;
}
/**
* Tests if this thread is a daemon thread.
*
* @return {@code true} if this thread is a daemon thread;
* {@code false} otherwise.
* @see #setDaemon(boolean)
*/
public final boolean isDaemon() {
return daemon;
}
/**
* Determines if the currently running thread has permission to
* modify this thread.
* <p>
* If there is a security manager, its {@code checkAccess} method
* is called with this thread as its argument. This may result in
* throwing a {@code SecurityException}.
*
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread is not allowed to
* access this thread.
* @see SecurityManager#checkAccess(Thread)
*/
public final void checkAccess() {
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (security != null) {
security.checkAccess(this);
}
}
/**
* Returns a string representation of this thread, including the
* thread's name, priority, and thread group.
*
* @return a string representation of this thread.
*/
public String toString() {
ThreadGroup group = getThreadGroup();
if (group != null) {
return "Thread[" + getName() + "," + getPriority() + "," +
group.getName() + "]";
} else {
return "Thread[" + getName() + "," + getPriority() + "," +
"" + "]";
}
}
/**
* Returns the context {@code ClassLoader} for this thread. The context
* {@code ClassLoader} is provided by the creator of the thread for use
* by code running in this thread when loading classes and resources.
* If not {@linkplain #setContextClassLoader set}, the default is the
* {@code ClassLoader} context of the parent thread. （默认是parent线程的classLoader） The context
* {@code ClassLoader} of the
* primordial（原始的）hread is typically set to the class loader used to load the
* application.
*
*
* @return the context {@code ClassLoader} for this thread, or {@code null}
* indicating the system class loader (or, failing that, the
* bootstrap class loader)
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if a security manager is present, and the caller's class loader
* is not {@code null} and is not the same as or an ancestor of the
* context class loader, and the caller does not have the
* {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("getClassLoader")}
*
* @since 1.2
*/
@CallerSensitive
public ClassLoader getContextClassLoader() {
if (contextClassLoader == null)
return null;
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
ClassLoader.checkClassLoaderPermission(contextClassLoader,
Reflection.getCallerClass());
}
return contextClassLoader;
}
/**
* Sets the context ClassLoader for this Thread. The context
* ClassLoader can be set when a thread is created（线程创建的时候设置）, and allows
* the creator of the thread to provide the appropriate class loader,
* through {@code getContextClassLoader}, to code running in the thread
* when loading classes and resources.
*
* <p>If a security manager is present, its {@link
* SecurityManager#checkPermission(java.security.Permission) checkPermission}
* method is invoked with a {@link RuntimePermission RuntimePermission}{@code
* ("setContextClassLoader")} permission to see if setting the context
* ClassLoader is permitted.
*
* @param cl
* the context ClassLoader for this Thread, or null indicating the
* system class loader (or, failing that, the bootstrap class loader)
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot set the context ClassLoader
*
* @since 1.2
*/
public void setContextClassLoader(ClassLoader cl) {
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
sm.checkPermission(new RuntimePermission("setContextClassLoader"));
}
contextClassLoader = cl;
}
/**
* Returns {@code true} if and only if the current thread holds the
* monitor lock on the specified object. 是否hold着指定的锁。
*
* <p>This method is designed to allow a program to assert that
* the current thread already holds a specified lock:
* <pre>
* assert Thread.holdsLock(obj);
* </pre>
*
* @param obj the object on which to test lock ownership
* @throws NullPointerException if obj is {@code null}
* @return {@code true} if the current thread holds the monitor lock on
* the specified object.
* @since 1.4
*/
public static native boolean holdsLock(Object obj);
private static final StackTraceElement[] EMPTY_STACK_TRACE
= new StackTraceElement[0];
/**
* Returns an array of stack trace elements representing the stack dump
* of this thread. This method will return a zero-length array if
* this thread has not started, has started but has not yet been
* scheduled to run by the system, or has terminated.
* If the returned array is of non-zero length then the first element of
* the array represents the top of the stack, which is the most recent
* method invocation in the sequence. The last element of the array
* represents the bottom of the stack, which is the least recent method
* invocation in the sequence.
*
* <p>If there is a security manager, and this thread is not
* the current thread, then the security manager's
* {@code checkPermission} method is called with a
* {@code RuntimePermission("getStackTrace")} permission
* to see if it's ok to get the stack trace.
*
* <p>Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
* or more stack frames from the stack trace. In the extreme case,
* a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
* this thread is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
* method.
*
* @return an array of {@code StackTraceElement},
* each represents one stack frame.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if a security manager exists and its
* {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
* getting the stack trace of thread.
* @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
* @see RuntimePermission
* @see Throwable#getStackTrace
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() {
if (this != Thread.currentThread()) {
// check for getStackTrace permission
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (security != null) {
security.checkPermission(
SecurityConstants.GET_STACK_TRACE_PERMISSION);
}
// optimization so we do not call into the vm for threads that
// have not yet started or have terminated
if (!isAlive()) {
return EMPTY_STACK_TRACE;
}
StackTraceElement[][] stackTraceArray = dumpThreads(new Thread[] {this});
StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = stackTraceArray[0];
// a thread that was alive during the previous isAlive call may have
// since terminated, therefore not having a stacktrace.
if (stackTrace == null) {
stackTrace = EMPTY_STACK_TRACE;
}
return stackTrace;
} else {
return (new Exception()).getStackTrace();
}
}
/**
* Returns a map of stack traces for all live threads.
* The map keys are threads and each map value is an array of
* {@code StackTraceElement} that represents the stack dump
* of the corresponding {@code Thread}.
* The returned stack traces are in the format specified for
* the {@link #getStackTrace getStackTrace} method.
*
* <p>The threads may be executing while this method is called.
* The stack trace of each thread only represents a snapshot and
* each stack trace may be obtained at different time. A zero-length
* array will be returned in the map value if the virtual machine has
* no stack trace information about a thread.
*
* <p>If there is a security manager, then the security manager's
* {@code checkPermission} method is called with a
* {@code RuntimePermission("getStackTrace")} permission as well as
* {@code RuntimePermission("modifyThreadGroup")} permission
* to see if it is ok to get the stack trace of all threads.
*
* @return a {@code Map} from {@code Thread} to an array of
* {@code StackTraceElement} that represents the stack trace of
* the corresponding thread.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if a security manager exists and its
* {@code checkPermission} method doesn't allow
* getting the stack trace of thread.
* @see #getStackTrace
* @see SecurityManager#checkPermission
* @see RuntimePermission
* @see Throwable#getStackTrace
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public static Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> getAllStackTraces() {
// check for getStackTrace permission
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (security != null) {
security.checkPermission(
SecurityConstants.GET_STACK_TRACE_PERMISSION);
security.checkPermission(
SecurityConstants.MODIFY_THREADGROUP_PERMISSION);
}
// Get a snapshot of the list of all threads
Thread[] threads = getThreads();
StackTraceElement[][] traces = dumpThreads(threads);
Map<Thread, StackTraceElement[]> m = new HashMap<>(threads.length);
for (int i = 0; i < threads.length; i++) {
StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = traces[i];
if (stackTrace != null) {
m.put(threads[i], stackTrace);
}
// else terminated so we don't put it in the map
}
return m;
}
/** cache of subclass security audit results */
/* Replace with ConcurrentReferenceHashMap when/if it appears in a future
* release */
private static class Caches {
/** cache of subclass security audit results */
static final ConcurrentMap<WeakClassKey,Boolean> subclassAudits =
new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
/** queue for WeakReferences to audited subclasses */
static final ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> subclassAuditsQueue =
new ReferenceQueue<>();
}
/**
* Verifies that this (possibly subclass) instance can be constructed
* without violating security constraints: the subclass must not override
* security-sensitive non-final methods, or else the
* "enableContextClassLoaderOverride" RuntimePermission is checked.
*/
private static boolean isCCLOverridden(Class<?> cl) {
if (cl == Thread.class)
return false;
processQueue(Caches.subclassAuditsQueue, Caches.subclassAudits);
WeakClassKey key = new WeakClassKey(cl, Caches.subclassAuditsQueue);
Boolean result = Caches.subclassAudits.get(key);
if (result == null) {
result = Boolean.valueOf(auditSubclass(cl));
Caches.subclassAudits.putIfAbsent(key, result);
}
return result.booleanValue();
}
/**
* Performs reflective checks on given subclass to verify that it doesn't
* override security-sensitive non-final methods. Returns true if the
* subclass overrides any of the methods, false otherwise.
*/
private static boolean auditSubclass(final Class<?> subcl) {
Boolean result = AccessController.doPrivileged(
new PrivilegedAction<>() {
public Boolean run() {
for (Class<?> cl = subcl;
cl != Thread.class;
cl = cl.getSuperclass())
{
try {
cl.getDeclaredMethod("getContextClassLoader", new Class<?>[0]);
return Boolean.TRUE;
} catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
}
try {
Class<?>[] params = {ClassLoader.class};
cl.getDeclaredMethod("setContextClassLoader", params);
return Boolean.TRUE;
} catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
}
}
return Boolean.FALSE;
}
}
);
return result.booleanValue();
}
private static native StackTraceElement[][] dumpThreads(Thread[] threads);
private static native Thread[] getThreads();
/**
* Returns the identifier of this Thread. The thread ID is a positive
* {@code long} number generated when this thread was created.
* The thread ID is unique and remains unchanged during its lifetime.
* When a thread is terminated, this thread ID may be reused.
*
* @return this thread's ID.
* @since 1.5
*/
public long getId() {
return tid;
}
/**
* 线程的状态。
* A thread state. A thread can be in one of the following states:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
* A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
* A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
* A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
* is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
* perform a particular action is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
* for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
* A thread that has exited is in this state.
* </li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>
* A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
* These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
* any operating system thread states.
*
* @since 1.5
* @see #getState
*/
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called {@code Object.wait()}
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* {@code Object.notify()} or {@code Object.notifyAll()} on
* that object. A thread that has called {@code Thread.join()}
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;
}
/**
* Returns the state of this thread.
* This method is designed for use in monitoring of the system state,
* not for synchronization control.
*
* @return this thread's state.
* @since 1.5
*/
public State getState() {
// get current thread state
return jdk.internal.misc.VM.toThreadState(threadStatus);
}
// Added in JSR-166
/**
* Interface for handlers invoked when a {@code Thread} abruptly
* terminates due to an uncaught exception.
* <p>When a thread is about to terminate due to an uncaught exception
* the Java Virtual Machine will query the thread for its
* {@code UncaughtExceptionHandler} using
* {@link #getUncaughtExceptionHandler} and will invoke the handler's
* {@code uncaughtException} method, passing the thread and the
* exception as arguments.
* If a thread has not had its {@code UncaughtExceptionHandler}
* explicitly set, then its {@code ThreadGroup} object acts as its
* {@code UncaughtExceptionHandler}. If the {@code ThreadGroup} object
* has no
* special requirements for dealing with the exception, it can forward
* the invocation to the {@linkplain #getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
* default uncaught exception handler}.
*
* @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @see #setUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
* @since 1.5
*/
@FunctionalInterface
public interface UncaughtExceptionHandler {
/**
* Method invoked when the given thread terminates due to the
* given uncaught exception.
* <p>Any exception thrown by this method will be ignored by the
* Java Virtual Machine.
* @param t the thread
* @param e the exception
*/
void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e);
}
// null unless explicitly set
private volatile UncaughtExceptionHandler uncaughtExceptionHandler;
// null unless explicitly set
private static volatile UncaughtExceptionHandler defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler;
/**
* Set the default handler invoked when a thread abruptly terminates
* due to an uncaught exception, and no other handler has been defined
* for that thread.
*
* <p>Uncaught exception handling is controlled first by the thread, then
* by the thread's {@link ThreadGroup} object and finally by the default
* uncaught exception handler. If the thread does not have an explicit
* uncaught exception handler set, and the thread's thread group
* (including parent thread groups) does not specialize its
* {@code uncaughtException} method, then the default handler's
* {@code uncaughtException} method will be invoked.
* <p>By setting the default uncaught exception handler, an application
* can change the way in which uncaught exceptions are handled (such as
* logging to a specific device, or file) for those threads that would
* already accept whatever "default" behavior the system
* provided.
*
* <p>Note that the default uncaught exception handler should not usually
* defer to the thread's {@code ThreadGroup} object, as that could cause
* infinite recursion.
*
* @param eh the object to use as the default uncaught exception handler.
* If {@code null} then there is no default handler.
*
* @throws SecurityException if a security manager is present and it denies
* {@link RuntimePermission}{@code ("setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler")}
*
* @see #setUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @see #getUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
* @since 1.5
*/
public static void setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler eh) {
SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
sm.checkPermission(
new RuntimePermission("setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler")
);
}
defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler = eh;
}
/**
* Returns the default handler invoked when a thread abruptly terminates
* due to an uncaught exception. If the returned value is {@code null},
* there is no default.
* @since 1.5
* @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @return the default uncaught exception handler for all threads
*/
public static UncaughtExceptionHandler getDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler(){
return defaultUncaughtExceptionHandler;
}
/**
* Returns the handler invoked when this thread abruptly terminates
* due to an uncaught exception. If this thread has not had an
* uncaught exception handler explicitly set then this thread's
* {@code ThreadGroup} object is returned, unless this thread
* has terminated, in which case {@code null} is returned.
* @since 1.5
* @return the uncaught exception handler for this thread
*/
public UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
return uncaughtExceptionHandler != null ?
uncaughtExceptionHandler : group;
}
/**
* Set the handler invoked when this thread abruptly terminates
* due to an uncaught exception.
* <p>A thread can take full control of how it responds to uncaught
* exceptions by having its uncaught exception handler explicitly set.
* If no such handler is set then the thread's {@code ThreadGroup}
* object acts as its handler.
* @param eh the object to use as this thread's uncaught exception
* handler. If {@code null} then this thread has no explicit handler.
* @throws SecurityException if the current thread is not allowed to
* modify this thread.
* @see #setDefaultUncaughtExceptionHandler
* @see ThreadGroup#uncaughtException
* @since 1.5
*/
public void setUncaughtExceptionHandler(UncaughtExceptionHandler eh) {
checkAccess();
uncaughtExceptionHandler = eh;
}
/**
* Dispatch an uncaught exception to the handler. This method is
* intended to be called only by the JVM.
*/
private void dispatchUncaughtException(Throwable e) {
getUncaughtExceptionHandler().uncaughtException(this, e);
}
/**
* Removes from the specified map any keys that have been enqueued
* on the specified reference queue.
*/
static void processQueue(ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> queue,
ConcurrentMap<? extends
WeakReference<Class<?>>, ?> map)
{
Reference<? extends Class<?>> ref;
while((ref = queue.poll()) != null) {
map.remove(ref);
}
}
/**
* Weak key for Class objects.
**/
static class WeakClassKey extends WeakReference<Class<?>> {
/**
* saved value of the referent's identity hash code, to maintain
* a consistent hash code after the referent has been cleared
*/
private final int hash;
/**
* Create a new WeakClassKey to the given object, registered
* with a queue.
*/
WeakClassKey(Class<?> cl, ReferenceQueue<Class<?>> refQueue) {
super(cl, refQueue);
hash = System.identityHashCode(cl);
}
/**
* Returns the identity hash code of the original referent.
*/
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return hash;
}
/**
* Returns true if the given object is this identical
* WeakClassKey instance, or, if this object's referent has not
* been cleared, if the given object is another WeakClassKey
* instance with the identical non-null referent as this one.
*/
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (obj == this)
return true;
if (obj instanceof WeakClassKey) {
Object referent = get();
return (referent != null) &&
(referent == ((WeakClassKey) obj).get());
} else {
return false;
}
}
}
// The following three initially uninitialized fields are exclusively
// managed by class java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom. These
// fields are used to build the high-performance PRNGs in the
// concurrent code, and we can not risk accidental false sharing.
// Hence, the fields are isolated with @Contended.
/** The current seed for a ThreadLocalRandom */
@jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Contended("tlr")
long threadLocalRandomSeed;
/** Probe hash value; nonzero if threadLocalRandomSeed initialized */
@jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Contended("tlr")
int threadLocalRandomProbe;
/** Secondary seed isolated from public ThreadLocalRandom sequence */
@jdk.internal.vm.annotation.Contended("tlr")
int threadLocalRandomSecondarySeed;
/* Some private helper methods */
private native void setPriority0(int newPriority);
private native void stop0(Object o);
private native void suspend0();
private native void resume0();
private native void interrupt0();
private static native void clearInterruptEvent();
private native void setNativeName(String name);
}
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