1、jdk1.8之前,其数据结构为数组加链表。jdk1.8之后的优化,其数据结构变成了数组+链表+红黑树
当链表上的结点过多时,查询一个结点,在jdk1.8之前,需要遍历整个节点,效率为O(n)。而在jdk1.8中,如果结点达到阈值TREEIFY_THRESHOLD(默认为8)时,会将链表结构转成红黑树结构,这样再查询时,如果数组的first结点是树结构,则采用树的查询算法,效率为O(logn),否则还是遍历链表。参见jdk1.8源码
当树上结点过多时,阈值为UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD(默认为6),会进行树转链表操作。至于为什么不是8,是为了防止平凡的进行树--链表的转换。
final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return first;
if ((e = first.next) != null) {
// 第一个结点为红黑树
if (first instanceof TreeNode)
return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
// 否则遍历链表
do {
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
} while ((e = e.next) != null);
}
}
return null;
}
2、jdk1.8之前,ConcurrentHashMap通过将整个Map划分成N(默认16个)个Segment,而Segment继承自ReentrantLock ,通过对每个Segment加锁来实现线程安全。而在jdk1.8后,摒弃了这种实现方式,采用了CAS + Synchronized,对链表头结点进行加锁,来实现线程安全。参考jdk1.8源码
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
tab = initTable();
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
break; // no lock when adding to empty bin
}
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
// 此处f即为链表的头结点
synchronized (f) {
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
if (fh >= 0) {
binCount = 1;
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
K ek;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
oldVal = e.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
e.val = value;
break;
}
Node<K,V> pred = e;
if ((e = e.next) == null) {
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
break;
}
}
}
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
Node<K,V> p;
binCount = 2;
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) {
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
p.val = value;
}
}
}
}
if (binCount != 0) {
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null)
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}