Google China New Grad Test 2014 Round A Problem B

Problem B. Rational Number Tree

Problem

Consider an infinite complete binary tree where the root node is 1/1 and left and right childs of node p/q are p/(p+q) and (p+q)/q, respectively. This tree looks like:

         1/1
    ______|______
    |           |
   1/2         2/1
 ___|___     ___|___
 |     |     |     |
1/3   3/2   2/3   3/1
...

It is known that every positive rational number appears exactly once in this tree. A level-order traversal of the tree results in the following array:

1/1, 1/2, 2/1, 1/3, 3/2, 2/3, 3/1, ...

Please solve the following two questions:

1. Find the n-th element of the array, where n starts from 1. For example, for the input 2, the correct output is 1/2.
2. Given p/q, find its position in the array. As an example, the input 1/2 results in the output 2.

Input

The first line of the input gives the number of test cases, T. T test cases follow. Each test case consists of one line. The line contains a problem id (1 or 2) and one or two additional integers:

1. If the problem id is 1, then only one integer n is given, and you are expected to find the n-th element of the array.
2. If the problem id is 2, then two integers p and q are given, and you are expected to find the position of p/q in the array.

Output

For each test case:

1. If the problem id is 1, then output one line containing "Case #x: p q", where x is the case number (starting from 1), and p, q are numerator and denominator of the asked array element, respectively.
2. If the problem id is 2, then output one line containing "Case #x: n", where x is the case number (starting from 1), and n is the position of the given number.

Limits

1 ≤ T ≤ 100; p and q are relatively prime.

Small dataset

1 ≤ n, p, q ≤ 2¹⁶-1; p/q is an element in a tree with level number ≤ 16.

Large dataset

1 ≤ n, p, q ≤ 2⁶⁴-1; p/q is an element in a tree with level number ≤ 64.

Sample

Input	Output
4 1 2 2 1 2 1 5 2 3 2	Case #1: 1 2 Case #2: 2 Case #3: 3 2 Case #4: 5

解题思路：这题太遗憾了。匆忙之中提交大数据，结果发现数据超出long范围，尽快用BigInteger改写，刚好超过了提交时间。也是一道水题，找出推导的方法，递归求解就可以了。

	BigInteger findPQ(BigInteger p, BigInteger q) {
		if (p.equals(new BigInteger("1")) && q.equals(new BigInteger("1")))
			return new BigInteger("1");
		if (p.compareTo(q) < 0)
			return findPQ(p, q.subtract(p)).multiply(new BigInteger("2"));
		else
			return findPQ(p.subtract(q), q).multiply(new BigInteger("2")).add(new BigInteger("1"));
	}

	BigInteger[] findN(BigInteger n) {
		BigInteger[] ret = new BigInteger[2];
		if (n.intValue() == 1) {
			ret[0] = new BigInteger("1");
			ret[1] = new BigInteger("1");
			return ret;
		}
		BigInteger p = n.divide(new BigInteger("2"));
		BigInteger[] pr = findN(p);
		if (n.equals(p.multiply(new BigInteger("2")))) {
			// left
			ret[0] = pr[0];
			ret[1] = pr[0].add(pr[1]);
			return ret;
		} else {
			// right
			ret[0] = pr[0].add(pr[1]);
			ret[1] = pr[1];
			return ret;
		}

	}

	void run() {
		int tests = sc.nextInt();
		for (int test = 1; test <= tests; test++) {
			int id = sc.nextInt();
			System.out.print(String.format("Case #%d:", test));
			if (id == 1) {
				BigInteger n = new BigInteger(sc.next());
				for (BigInteger i : findN(n)) {
					System.out.print(" " + i);
				}
				System.out.println();
			} else {
				BigInteger p = new BigInteger(sc.next());
				BigInteger q = new BigInteger(sc.next());
				BigInteger res = findPQ(p, q);
				System.out.println(" " + res);
			}
		}
	}