高数习题9.1

1. 指出下列微分方程的阶：
   (1)$\frac{dy}{dx}=x{y}^2+y^6$；一阶
   (2)$(y^{\prime \prime }{)}^2+2(y^{\prime }{)}^6-x^5=0$；二阶
   (3)$y^{\prime \prime \prime }+2(y^{\prime \prime }{)}^3+y^2+x^5=0$；三阶
2. 指出下列函数中的任意常数是否独立？
   (1) $y=C_{1}cosax+C_{2}sinax(a>0)$；
   (2) $y=C_1(1-cos2x)+C_{2}si{n}^{2}x$；
   (3) $y=C_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}+C_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x},({\lambda }_1\ne {\lambda }_2)$；
   (4) $y=C_1{e}^{\lambda x}+C_{2}x{e}^{\lambda x}$；
   (5) $y=C_{1}x+C_2{x}^2+C_3(x^2+x)$.
   解：
   (1)$\left|\begin{array}{cc}cosax& sinax\\ -asinax& acosax\end{array}\right|=a^2$，独立
   (2)$\left|\begin{array}{cc}1-cos2x& si{n}^{2}x\\ 2sin2x& 2sinxcosx\end{array}\right|=0$，不独立
   (3)$\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}& e^{{\lambda }_{2}x}\\ {\lambda }_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}& {\lambda }_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x}\end{array}\right|=({\lambda }_2-{\lambda }_1)e^{({\lambda }_1+{\lambda }_2)x}\ne 0$，独立
   (4)$\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{\lambda x}& x{e}^{\lambda x}\\ \lambda e^{\lambda x}& (1+\lambda x)e^{\lambda x}\end{array}\right|=e^{\lambda x}$，独立
   (5)$\left|\begin{array}{ccc}x& x^2& x^2+x\\ 1& 2x& 2x+1\\ 0& 2& 2\end{array}\right|=0$，不独立
3. 验证下列函数是响应的微分方程的解，是特解还是通解？
   (1) $y=sin2x.y^{\prime \prime }+4y=0$；
   (2) $y=C_{1}cosax+C_{2}sinax,y^{\prime \prime }+a^{2}y=0(a>0)$；
   (3) $y=C_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}+C_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x},y^{\prime \prime }-({\lambda }_1+{\lambda }_2)y^{\prime }+{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_{2}y=0,({\lambda }_1\ne {\lambda }_2)$；
   (4) $y=C_1{e}^{\lambda x}+C_{2}x{e}^{\lambda x},y^{\prime \prime }+2\lambda y^{\prime }+{\lambda }^{2}y=0$；
   (5) $y=C{e}^{3x}(C为任意常数),y^{\prime \prime }-9y=0$;
   (6) $y=x({\int }_1^x\frac{e^x}{x}dx+C),x{y}^{\prime }-y=x{e}^x.$
   解：
   (1) $(sin2x{)}^{\prime \prime }+4(sin2x)=0$，成立。
   方程阶数为2，参数数量为0，所以为特解
   (2) $(C_{1}cosax+C_{2}sinax{)}^{\prime \prime }+a^2(C_{1}cosax+C_{2}sinax)=0$
   $\left|\begin{array}{cc}cosax& sinax\\ -asinax& acosax\end{array}\right|=a^2$，通解
   (3) $(C_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}+C_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x}{)}^{\prime \prime }-({\lambda }_1+{\lambda }_2)(C_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}+C_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x}{)}^{\prime }+{\lambda }_1{\lambda }_2(C_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}+C_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x})=0$
   $\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}& e^{{\lambda }_{2}x}\\ {\lambda }_1{e}^{{\lambda }_{1}x}& {\lambda }_2{e}^{{\lambda }_{2}x}\end{array}\right|=({\lambda }_2-{\lambda }_1)e^{({\lambda }_1+{\lambda }_2)x}\ne 0$，通解
   (4) $(C_1{e}^{\lambda x}+C_{2}x{e}^{\lambda x}{)}^{\prime \prime }+2\lambda (C_1{e}^{\lambda x}+C_{2}x{e}^{\lambda x}{)}^{\prime }+{\lambda }^2(C_1{e}^{\lambda x}+C_{2}x{e}^{\lambda x})=0$
   $\left|\begin{array}{cc}{e}^{\lambda x}& x{e}^{\lambda x}\\ \lambda e^{\lambda x}& (1+\lambda x)e^{\lambda x}\end{array}\right|=e^{\lambda x}$，通解
   (5) $(C{e}^{3x}{)}^{\prime \prime }-9(C{e}^{3x})=0$
   方程阶数为2，参数数量为1，所以既非特解也非通解
   (6) $x[x({\int }_1^x\frac{e^x}{x}dx+C){]}^{\prime }-x({\int }_1^x\frac{e^x}{x}dx+C)=x({\int }_1^x\frac{e^x}{x}dx+C+e^x)-x({\int }_1^x\frac{e^x}{x}dx+C)=x{e}^x$
   $\left|\begin{array}{c}x\end{array}\right|=x$不恒为0，所以为特解
4. 验证函数$x(t)=cost+2sint-2tcost$是初值问题$\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{d^{2}x}{d{t}^2}+x=4sint\\ x(0)=1,x^{\prime }(0)=0\end{array}$的解.
   解：
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{d^{2}x}{d{t}^2}+x& =\frac{d(-sint+2cost-2cost+2tsint)}{dt}+cost+2sint-2tcost\\ & =2sint+(2t-1)cost+cost+2sint-2tcost\\ & =4sint\end{array}$
   $x(0)=cos0+2sin0-2\ast 0\ast cos0=1,x^{\prime }(0)=-sin0+2cos0-2cos0+2\ast 0\ast sin0=0$
5. 求下列初值问题的解：
   (1)$\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{dx}{dt}=cos\omega t(\omega \ne 0,为常数)\\ x(0)=10;\end{array}$
   (2)$\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}=12x^2,\\ y(0)=0,y^{\prime }(0)=1;\end{array}$
   (3)$\{\begin{array}{l}{y}^{\prime \prime \prime }=x\\ y(0)=a_0,y^{\prime }(0)=a_1,y^{\prime \prime }(0)=a_2.\end{array}$
   解：
   (1)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{dx}{dt}& =cos\omega t\\ x& =\frac{sin\omega t}{\omega }+C\end{array}$
   将$x(0)=10$代入，得到$C=10$
   解为$x=\frac{sin\omega t}{\omega }+10$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}\frac{d^{2}y}{d{x}^2}& =12x^2\\ \frac{dy}{dx}& =4x^3+C_1\\ y& =x^4+C_{1}x+C_2\end{array}$
   将$y(0)=0,y^{\prime }(0)=1$代入，得到$C_1=1,C_2=0$
   解为$y=x^4+x.$
   (2)
   $\begin{array}{rl}{y}^{\prime \prime \prime }& =x\\ y^{\prime \prime }& =\frac{x^2}{2}+C_1\\ y^{\prime }& =\frac{x^3}{6}+C_{1}x+C_2\\ y& =\frac{x^4}{24}+\frac{C_1{x}^2}{2}+C_{2}x+C_3\end{array}$
   将$y(0)=a_0,y^{\prime }(0)=a_1,y^{\prime \prime }(0)=a_2$代入，得到$C_1=a_2,C_2=a_1,C_3=a_0$
   解为$y=\frac{x^4}{24}+\frac{a_2{x}^2}{2}+a_{1}x+a_0$