[modern c++] std::function的使用

引言

c++ 11开始引入了对个可调用对象，比如 lambda，std::function，std::bind ，这些手段的目的只有一个，就是用来创建可调用对象，区别在于各自的适用场景不同，lambda用来创建一个临时可掉用对象，std::bind是一个函数，用来调整已有可调用对象的传参方式，并返回一个可调用对象。

std::function 是一个模板函数，可以用来包裹函数、成员函数、lambda或者可调用对象。

可以把std::function类比为一个函数指针，只不过这是一个可以实例化的指针。

std::bind和std::function最初都是boost库里的，后来才纳入到c++ 11中。

std::bind和std::function

bind 和 function 都可以用来创建可调用对象，bind主要用途是基于现有函数、可调用对象、lambda来创建，function更多情况下是用来表示一个可调用对象长什么样子。

一个典型的用法是：使用vector和function定义一个可调用对象数组，然后使用bind将各种不同入参和返回值组合的函数、lambda、可调用对象封装成统一的function实例，最后纳入vector。

C++11: std::function and std::bind | De C++ et alias OOPscenitatesstd::function and std::bind were born inside the Boost C++ Library, but they were incorporated into the new C++11 standard. std::function is a STL template class that provides a very convenient wrapper to a simple function, to a functor or to a lambda expression. For example, if you want to store several functions, functors or lambda…https://oopscenities.net/2012/02/24/c11-stdfunction-and-stdbind/

Demo：

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
 
struct Foo {
    Foo(int num) : num_(num) {}
    void print_add(int i) const { std::cout << num_+i << '\n'; }
    int num_;
};
 
void print_num(int i)
{
    std::cout << i << '\n';
}
 
struct PrintNum {
    void operator()(int i) const
    {
        std::cout << i << '\n';
    }
};
 
int main()
{
    // store a free function
    std::function<void(int)> f_display = print_num;
    f_display(-9);
 
    // store a lambda
    std::function<void()> f_display_42 = []() { print_num(42); };
    f_display_42();
 
    // store the result of a call to std::bind
    std::function<void()> f_display_31337 = std::bind(print_num, 31337);
    f_display_31337();
 
    // store a call to a member function
    std::function<void(const Foo&, int)> f_add_display = &Foo::print_add;
    const Foo foo(314159);
    f_add_display(foo, 1);
    f_add_display(314159, 1);
 
    // store a call to a data member accessor
    std::function<int(Foo const&)> f_num = &Foo::num_;
    std::cout << "num_: " << f_num(foo) << '\n';
 
    // store a call to a member function and object
    using std::placeholders::_1;
    std::function<void(int)> f_add_display2 = std::bind( &Foo::print_add, foo, _1 );
    f_add_display2(2);
 
    // store a call to a member function and object ptr
    std::function<void(int)> f_add_display3 = std::bind( &Foo::print_add, &foo, _1 );
    f_add_display3(3);
 
    // store a call to a function object
    std::function<void(int)> f_display_obj = PrintNum();
    f_display_obj(18);
 
    auto factorial = [](int n) {
        // store a lambda object to emulate "recursive lambda"; aware of extra overhead
        std::function<int(int)> fac = [&](int n){ return (n < 2) ? 1 : n*fac(n-1); };
        // note that "auto fac = [&](int n){...};" does not work in recursive calls
        return fac(n);
    };
    for (int i{5}; i != 8; ++i) { std::cout << i << "! = " << factorial(i) << ";  "; }
}