第九章 多元函数微分法及其应用
第二节 偏导数
偏导数的定义及其计算法
二元函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z = f(x, y)
z=f(x,y)对于
x
x
x的偏导数有如下定义:
定义 设函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z = f(x, y)
z=f(x,y) 在点
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
(x_0, y_0)
(x0,y0)的某一邻域内有定义,当
y
y
y固定在
y
0
y_0
y0而
x
x
x在
x
0
x_0
x0处有增量
Δ
x
\Delta x
Δx时,相应地函数有增量
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
,
y
0
)
−
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
f(x_0 + \Delta x, y_0) - f(x_0, y_0)
f(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0)
如果
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
,
y
0
)
−
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
Δ
x
(2-1)
\lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta x, y_0) -f(x_0, y_0)}{\Delta x}} \tag {2-1}
Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx,y0)−f(x0,y0)(2-1)
存在,那么称此极限为函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z = f(x, y)
z=f(x,y)在点
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
(x_0, y_0)
(x0,y0)处对
x
x
x的偏导数,记作
∂
z
∂
x
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right|_{x = x_0\atop y = y_0}
∂x∂z∣∣∣∣y=y0x=x0,
∂
f
∂
x
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left. \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial x}\right |_{x = x_0 \atop y = y_0}
∂x∂f∣∣∣∣y=y0x=x0,
z
x
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left .z_x\right|_{x = x_0 \atop y = y_0}
zx∣y=y0x=x0 或
f
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
f_x(x_0, y_0)
fx(x0,y0)
极限(2-1)可以表示为
f
x
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
Δ
x
f_x(x_0, y_0) = \lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x_0 + \Delta x) - f(x_0, y_0)}{\Delta x}}
fx(x0,y0)=Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0,y0)
类似地,函数
z
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
z = f(x, y)
z=f(x,y)在点
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
(x_0, y_0)
(x0,y0)处对
y
y
y的偏导数定义为
lim
Δ
y
→
0
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
Δ
y
\lim\limits_{\Delta y \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x_0, y_0 + \Delta y) - f(x_0, y_0)}{\Delta y}}
Δy→0limΔyf(x0,y0+Δy)−f(x0,y0)
记作
∂
z
∂
y
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left. \dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right |_{x = x_0 \atop y = y_0}
∂y∂z∣∣∣∣y=y0x=x0 ,
∂
f
∂
y
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left. \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right |_{x = x_0 \atop y = y_0}
∂y∂f∣∣∣∣y=y0x=x0,
z
y
∣
x
=
x
0
y
=
y
0
\left . z_y \right|_{x = x_0 \atop y = y_0}
zy∣y=y0x=x0 或
f
y
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
f_y(x_0, y_0)
fy(x0,y0)
三元函数的偏导数
f x ( x , y , z ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x , y , z ) − f ( x , y , z ) Δ x f_x(x, y, z) = \lim\limits_{\Delta x \to 0}{\dfrac{f(x + \Delta x, y, z) - f(x, y, z)}{\Delta x}} fx(x,y,z)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx,y,z)−f(x,y,z)
例题
例 1 求
z
=
x
2
+
3
x
y
+
y
2
z = x^2 + 3xy + y^2
z=x2+3xy+y2在点
(
1
,
2
)
(1, 2)
(1,2)处的偏导数.
例 2 求
z
=
x
2
sin
2
y
z = x^2\sin2y
z=x2sin2y的偏导数.
例 3 设
z
=
x
y
(
x
>
0
,
x
≠
1
)
z = x ^y (x > 0, x \neq1)
z=xy(x>0,x=1),求证:
x
y
∂
z
∂
x
+
1
ln
x
∂
z
∂
y
=
2
z
\dfrac{x}{y}\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial x} + \dfrac{1}{\ln x}\dfrac{\partial z}{\partial y} = 2z
yx∂x∂z+lnx1∂y∂z=2z.
例 4 求
r
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
r = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}
r=x2+y2+z2的偏导数.
例 5 已知理想气体的状态方程
p
V
=
R
T
pV = RT
pV=RT(
R
R
R为常量),求证:
∂
p
∂
V
⋅
∂
V
∂
T
⋅
∂
T
∂
p
=
−
1.
\dfrac{\partial p}{\partial V} \cdot \dfrac{\partial V}{\partial T} \cdot \dfrac{\partial T}{\partial p} = -1.
∂V∂p⋅∂T∂V⋅∂p∂T=−1.
二元函数偏导数的几何意义.
高阶偏导数
未完待续 ⋯ \cdots ⋯