并发的一个很大的朋友就是锁，因为锁可以在并发的情况下保护一些公共的变量；并发的一个很大的敌人也是锁，因为锁带来了很大的性能开销。
很多时候我们必须加锁来应对并发带来的线程安全问题，而ThreadLocal则给我们开辟了另外一个思路，将数据保存在线程的私有字段中，使一个线程无法读到其他线程的数据， 这样的数据存储方式，自然就线程安全。 那么ThreadLocal本身还有没有可以挖掘的优化点呢，netty告诉你，有！
我们知道ThreadLocal的实现是在Thread里放一个类似map（虽然叫map，但实际上是纯数组实现）的数据结构来存数据，而这个自定义的map要查找一个元素主要分成两步：1、通过元素的hashcode计算得到对应的index，判断对应index上是否有数据，如果有数据且key==yourThreadLocal则匹配成功；2、否则按顺序依次挪到下一个位置进行对比，直到找到yourThreadLocal。 这样查询一个元素可能需要很多步。同样插入或移除一个值，操作步数也比较多。
下面来看看netty君是怎么做的，首先基本思路和jdk的ThreadLocal相同，在一个线程上增加一个私有字段存数据。然而原有的ThreadLocal并没有提供定制的接口，咋办呢？netty继承Thread实现了一个FastThreadLocalThread，该FastThreadLocalThread实现了FastThreadLocalAccess接口：
public interface FastThreadLocalAccess {
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap();
void setThreadLocalMap(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap);
} private InternalThreadLocalMap() {
super(newIndexedVariableTable());
}
private static Object[] newIndexedVariableTable() {
Object[] array = new Object[32];
Arrays.fill(array, UNSET);
return array;
}InternalThreadLocalMap根据netty的实际情况还加入了一些其他的字段做一些定制化的的数据缓存，这样在ThreadLocal的基础上功能又增强了。不过话说回来ThreadLocal毕竟是公共的解决方案，不太可能放这些乱七八糟的东西。来看看这些netty引入的字段：
static ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap;
static final AtomicInteger nextIndex = new AtomicInteger();
/** Used by {@link FastThreadLocal} */
Object[] indexedVariables;
// Core thread-locals
int futureListenerStackDepth;
int localChannelReaderStackDepth;
Map<Class<?>, Boolean> handlerSharableCache;
IntegerHolder counterHashCode;
ThreadLocalRandom random;
Map<Class<?>, TypeParameterMatcher> typeParameterMatcherGetCache;
Map<Class<?>, Map<String, TypeParameterMatcher>> typeParameterMatcherFindCache;
// String-related thread-locals
StringBuilder stringBuilder;
Map<Charset, CharsetEncoder> charsetEncoderCache;
Map<Charset, CharsetDecoder> charsetDecoderCache; // 直接根据index获取
public Object indexedVariable(int index) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
return index < lookup.length? lookup[index] : UNSET;
}
/**
* @return {@code true} if and only if a new thread-local variable has been created
*/
public boolean setIndexedVariable(int index, Object value) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
if (index < lookup.length) {
Object oldValue = lookup[index];
lookup[index] = value;
return oldValue == UNSET;
} else {
// 如果要查询的index不在indexedVariables范围，则需要先扩展在设置
expandIndexedVariableTableAndSet(index, value);
return true;
}
}
private void expandIndexedVariableTableAndSet(int index, Object value) {
Object[] oldArray = indexedVariables;
final int oldCapacity = oldArray.length;
// newCapacity-> 32,64,128,256,512....
int newCapacity = index;
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 1;
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 2;
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 4;
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 8;
newCapacity |= newCapacity >>> 16;
newCapacity ++;
Object[] newArray = Arrays.copyOf(oldArray, newCapacity);
Arrays.fill(newArray, oldCapacity, newArray.length, UNSET);
newArray[index] = value;
indexedVariables = newArray;
}
// remove方法直接在对应位置上设置UNSET
public Object removeIndexedVariable(int index) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
if (index < lookup.length) {
Object v = lookup[index];
lookup[index] = UNSET;
return v;
} else {
return UNSET;
}
}
public boolean isIndexedVariableSet(int index) {
Object[] lookup = indexedVariables;
return index < lookup.length && lookup[index] != UNSET;
}知道了上面这一段原理的介绍，后面的代码已经不重要了，不过我们还是来八一八吧，时间不多的同学可以选择不往下看了（虽然后面还有一个重要的点）。
先看看几个辅助的方法：
// 该方法与get()不同的是,get()在查找不到数据是会进行初始化，而这个方法则是直接返回
public static InternalThreadLocalMap getIfSet() {
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap;
if (thread instanceof FastThreadLocalAccess) {
threadLocalMap = ((FastThreadLocalAccess) thread).threadLocalMap();
} else {
ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap.slowThreadLocalMap;
if (slowThreadLocalMap == null) {
threadLocalMap = null;
} else {
threadLocalMap = slowThreadLocalMap.get();
}
}
return threadLocalMap;
}
public static InternalThreadLocalMap get() {
Thread thread = Thread.currentThread();
if (thread instanceof FastThreadLocalAccess) {
// 如果实现了FastThreadLocalAccess，则采用netty的算法
return fastGet((FastThreadLocalAccess) thread);
} else {
// 没有未实现FastThreadLocalAccess，则降级使用jdk的ThreadLocal来存放InternalThreadLocalMap
return slowGet();
}
}
private static InternalThreadLocalMap fastGet(FastThreadLocalAccess thread) {
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = thread.threadLocalMap();
if (threadLocalMap == null) {
thread.setThreadLocalMap(threadLocalMap = new InternalThreadLocalMap());
}
return threadLocalMap;
}
private static InternalThreadLocalMap slowGet() {
// slowGet采用了java的ThreadLocal来管理InternalThreadLocalMap；
// 整个方案相对于直接用ThreadLocal来说又多了一步InternalThreadLocalMap的查询，但差距很小。
// 好处是统一了FastThreadLocal的模型，同时上文中也提到InternalThreadLocalMap做了很多功能上的增强。
ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap> slowThreadLocalMap = UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap.slowThreadLocalMap;
if (slowThreadLocalMap == null) {
UnpaddedInternalThreadLocalMap.slowThreadLocalMap =
slowThreadLocalMap = new ThreadLocal<InternalThreadLocalMap>();
}
InternalThreadLocalMap ret = slowThreadLocalMap.get();
if (ret == null) {
ret = new InternalThreadLocalMap();
slowThreadLocalMap.set(ret);
}
return ret;
}
private final int index;
public FastThreadLocal() {
// 初始化时分配一个全局唯一的index
index = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
}
public final V get() {
// InternalThreadLocalMap.get()获取到与当前线程关联的InternalThreadLocalMap, 通过该map来查询具体数据
return get(InternalThreadLocalMap.get());
}
public final V get(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
// 直接采用index下标访问threadLocalMap中数组的指定位置元素
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(index);
if (v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
return (V) v;
}
// 不存在值则初始化
return initialize(threadLocalMap);
}
private V initialize(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
V v = null;
try {
v = initialValue();
} catch (Exception e) {
PlatformDependent.throwException(e);
}
// 初始化后再设置，下次就不用再初始化
threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(index, v);
addToVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
return v;
}
/**
* Set the value for the current thread.
*/
public final void set(V value) {
if (value != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
set(InternalThreadLocalMap.get(), value);
} else {
remove();
}
}
/**
* Set the value for the specified thread local map. The specified thread local map must be for the current thread.
*/
public final void set(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, V value) {
// UNSET表示移除
if (value != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
if (threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(index, value)) {
addToVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
}
} else {
remove(threadLocalMap);
}
}
/**
* Sets the value to uninitialized; a proceeding call to get() will trigger a call to initialValue().
*/
public final void remove() {
remove(InternalThreadLocalMap.getIfSet());
}
/**
* Sets the value to uninitialized for the specified thread local map;
* a proceeding call to get() will trigger a call to initialValue().
* The specified thread local map must be for the current thread.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public final void remove(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap) {
if (threadLocalMap == null) {
return;
}
// 直接使用下标进行remove
Object v = threadLocalMap.removeIndexedVariable(index);
removeFromVariablesToRemove(threadLocalMap, this);
if (v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
try {
onRemoval((V) v);
} catch (Exception e) {
PlatformDependent.throwException(e);
}
}
} private static final int variablesToRemoveIndex = InternalThreadLocalMap.nextVariableIndex();
private static void addToVariablesToRemove(InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, FastThreadLocal<?> variable) {
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex);
Set<FastThreadLocal<?>> variablesToRemove;
if (v == InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET || v == null) {
variablesToRemove = Collections.newSetFromMap(new IdentityHashMap<FastThreadLocal<?>, Boolean>());
threadLocalMap.setIndexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex, variablesToRemove);
} else {
variablesToRemove = (Set<FastThreadLocal<?>>) v;
}
variablesToRemove.add(variable);
}
private static void removeFromVariablesToRemove(
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap, FastThreadLocal<?> variable) {
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex);
if (v == InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET || v == null) {
return;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Set<FastThreadLocal<?>> variablesToRemove = (Set<FastThreadLocal<?>>) v;
variablesToRemove.remove(variable);
} /**
* 移除绑定到该线程的所有变量. 当不希望保留你无法管理的本地变量时使用该方法做清理。
*/
public static void removeAll() {
InternalThreadLocalMap threadLocalMap = InternalThreadLocalMap.getIfSet();
if (threadLocalMap == null) {
return;
}
try {
Object v = threadLocalMap.indexedVariable(variablesToRemoveIndex);
if (v != null && v != InternalThreadLocalMap.UNSET) {
// 取出Set中的所有FastThreadLocal进行清理
Set<FastThreadLocal<?>> variablesToRemove = (Set<FastThreadLocal<?>>) v;
FastThreadLocal<?>[] variablesToRemoveArray =
variablesToRemove.toArray(new FastThreadLocal[variablesToRemove.size()]);
for (FastThreadLocal<?> tlv: variablesToRemoveArray) {
tlv.remove(threadLocalMap);
}
}
} finally {
InternalThreadLocalMap.remove();
}
}
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