浅谈C++11里面的模板（参数是函数）

① 先简单看没有类的情况，示例代码如下：

#include <iostream>

void func0() {
	std::cout << "no param, no return" << std::endl;
}
void func1(int) {
	std::cout << "one param, no return" << std::endl;
}
void func2(int arg1, double arg2) {
	std::cout << "two param, no return, arg1: " << arg1 << ", arg2: " << arg2 << std::endl;
}
int func3() {
	std::cout << "no param, have return" << std::endl;
	return 1;
}
int func4(int) {
	std::cout << "one param, have return" << std::endl;
	return 2;
}

template<class Func, class ...Args>
auto Call(Func call, Args ...args)
{
	return call(args...);
}

int main() {
	Call(&func0);
	Call(&func1, 1);
	Call(&func2, 1, 2.5);
	std::cout << "func3 return: " << Call(&func3) << std::endl;
	std::cout << "func4 return: " << Call(&func4, 1) << std::endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

执行结果如下所示：

函数模板Call函数支持有返回值和无返回值两种，参数是变长的，甚至参数类型可以不一样。


② 如果调用的方法在类里面，这里可以用bind函数将参数绑定起来调用，代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

class Test {
public:
	void func0() {
		std::cout << "no param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func1(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func2(int arg1, double arg2) {
		std::cout << "two param, no return, arg1: " << arg1 << ", arg2: " << arg2 << std::endl;
	}
	int func3() {
		std::cout << "no param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 1;
	}
	int func4(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 2;
	}
};

template<class Func, class ...Args>
auto Call(Func call, Args ...args)
{
	return call(args...);
}


int main() {
	Test tt;
	Call(std::bind(&Test::func0,&tt));
	Call(std::bind(&Test::func1,&tt,1));
	Call(std::bind(&Test::func2,&tt,1,2.5));
	std::cout << "func3 return: " << Call(std::bind(&Test::func3,&tt)) << std::endl;
	std::cout << "func4 return: " << Call(std::bind(&Test::func4,&tt,1)) << std::endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

输出结果一模一样：

这里main函数里面实际也可以用function替换，代码如下：

	std::function<void(void)> f0 = std::bind(&Test::func0, &tt);
	std::function<void(int)> f1 = std::bind(&Test::func1, &tt,std::placeholders::_1);
	std::function<void(int , double)> f2 = std::bind(&Test::func2, &tt, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2);
	std::function<int(void)> f3 = std::bind(&Test::func3, &tt);
	std::function<int(int)> f4 = std::bind(&Test::func4, &tt, std::placeholders::_1);
	f0(), f1(1), f2(1, 2.5);
	std::cout << "func3 return: " << f3() << std::endl; 
	std::cout << "func4 return: " << f4(1) << std::endl;

运行结果是一样的，这里如果用auto替换function，则代码会更简单。


③ 在另外一个类里面存储所有方法并执行，示例代码如下：

#include <vector>
#include <future>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

class Test {
public:
	void func0() {
		std::cout << "no param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func1(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func2(int arg1, double arg2) {
		std::cout << "two param, no return, arg1: " << arg1 << ", arg2: " << arg2 << std::endl;
	}
	int func3() {
		std::cout << "no param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 1;
	}
	int func4(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 2;
	}
};

class Bind {
public:
	template<class Func, class ...Args>
	void Call(Func call, Args ...args) {
		auto task = std::bind(call, args...);
		m_map.emplace_back([task]() {(task)(); });
	}
	void Exec() {
		for (auto& func : m_map) {
			func();
		}
	}
private:
	std::vector<std::function<void()>> m_map;
};

int main() {
	Bind bb; Test tt;
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func0, &tt));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func1, &tt, 1));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func2, &tt, 1, 2.5));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func3, &tt));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func4, &tt, 1));
	bb.Exec();
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

运行结果如下：

这里借助了bind函数将函数和参数绑定起来存储（bind函数的返回值就是function类型，而且如果要运行bind的值，只需要在表达式后面加括号即可），如果直接在类中存储模板变量会报错（是否有办法不报错，现在不清楚）。
以上代码如果用上完美转发代码改成如下所示：

class Bind {
public:
	template<class Func, class ...Args>
	void Call(Func&& call, Args&& ...args) {
		auto task = std::bind(std::forward<Func>(call), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
		m_map.emplace_back([task]() {(task)(); });
	}
	void Exec() {
		for (auto& func : m_map) {
			func();
		}
	}
private:
	std::vector<std::function<void()>> m_map;
};

这里还有一个问题，上面的func3和func4是有返回值的，如何在main中将其打印出来？代码修改如下：

#include <vector>
#include <future>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

class Test {
public:
	void func0() {
		std::cout << "no param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func1(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, no return" << std::endl;
	}
	void func2(int arg1, double arg2) {
		std::cout << "two param, no return, arg1: " << arg1 << ", arg2: " << arg2 << std::endl;
	}
	int func3() {
		std::cout << "no param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 1;
	}
	int func4(int) {
		std::cout << "one param, have return" << std::endl;
		return 2;
	}
};

class Bind {
public:
	template<class Func, class ...Args>
	auto Call(Func&& call, Args&& ...args)  {
		using return_type = typename std::result_of<Func(Args...)>::type;
		auto task = std::make_shared< std::packaged_task<return_type()> >(
			std::bind(std::forward<Func>(call), std::forward<Args>(args)...)
		);		
		std::future<return_type> res = task->get_future();
		m_map.emplace_back([task] {(*task)(); });
		return res;
	}
	void Exec() {
		for (auto& func : m_map) {
			func();
		}
	}
private:
	std::vector<std::function<void()>> m_map;
};

int main() {
	Bind bb; Test tt;
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func0, &tt));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func1, &tt, 1));
	bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func2, &tt, 1, 2.5));
	auto res3 = bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func3, &tt));
	auto res4= bb.Call(std::bind(&Test::func4, &tt, 1));
	bb.Exec();
	std::cout << "func3 return: " << res3.get()<<std::endl;
	std::cout << "func4 return: " << res4.get() << std::endl;
	system("pause");
	return 0;
}

执行结果如下：