高等数学常用公式
一、解方程公式
(
1
)
x
2
−
y
=
(
x
−
y
)
(
x
+
y
)
(1) \quad x^2 - y = (x-y)(x+y)
(1)x2−y=(x−y)(x+y) (平方差公式)
(
2
)
x
3
−
y
=
(
x
−
y
)
(
x
2
+
x
y
+
y
2
)
(2) \quad x^3 - y = (x-y)(x^2+xy+y^2)
(2)x3−y=(x−y)(x2+xy+y2)(立方差公式)
(
3
)
(
a
+
b
)
2
=
a
2
+
2
a
b
+
b
2
(3) \quad (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
(3)(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2(完全平方公式)
二、三角函数公式
(
1
)
sin
(
−
x
)
=
−
sin
(
x
)
(1)\quad \sin(-x) = -\sin(x)
(1)sin(−x)=−sin(x)
(
2
)
cos
(
−
x
)
=
cos
(
x
)
(2)\quad \cos(-x) = \cos(x)
(2)cos(−x)=cos(x)
(
3
)
sin
2
x
+
cos
2
x
=
1
(3)\quad \sin^2x +\cos^2x =1
(3)sin2x+cos2x=1
(
4
)
sin
2
x
=
2
sin
x
⋅
cos
x
(4)\quad \sin2x = 2\sin x \cdot \cos x
(4)sin2x=2sinx⋅cosx
(
5
)
cos
2
x
=
cos
2
x
−
sin
2
x
=
2
cos
2
x
−
1
(5)\quad \cos2x = \cos^2 x - \sin^2 x = 2 \cos^2 x - 1
(5)cos2x=cos2x−sin2x=2cos2x−1
(
6
)
sin
x
⋅
csc
x
=
1
(6)\quad \sin x \cdot \csc x = 1
(6)sinx⋅cscx=1
(
7
)
cos
x
⋅
sec
x
=
1
(7)\quad \cos x \cdot \sec x = 1
(7)cosx⋅secx=1
(
8
)
tan
x
⋅
cot
x
=
1
(8)\quad \tan x \cdot \cot x =1
(8)tanx⋅cotx=1
(
9
)
sec
2
x
=
1
+
tan
2
x
(9)\quad \sec^2 x = 1+ \tan^2 x
(9)sec2x=1+tan2x
(
10
)
csc
2
x
=
1
+
cot
2
x
(10)\quad \csc^2 x = 1+ \cot^2 x
(10)csc2x=1+cot2x
(
11
)
sin
(
x
+
y
)
=
sin
x
⋅
cos
y
+
cos
x
⋅
sin
y
(11)\quad \sin( x+y) = \sin x \cdot \cos y +\cos x \cdot \sin y
(11)sin(x+y)=sinx⋅cosy+cosx⋅siny
(
12
)
cos
(
x
+
y
)
=
cos
x
⋅
cos
y
−
sin
x
⋅
sin
y
(12)\quad \cos( x+y) = \cos x \cdot \cos y -\sin x \cdot \sin y
(12)cos(x+y)=cosx⋅cosy−sinx⋅siny
(
13
)
2
sin
x
⋅
cos
y
=
sin
(
x
+
y
)
+
sin
(
x
−
y
)
(13)\quad 2\sin x \cdot \cos y = \sin(x+y)+\sin(x-y)
(13)2sinx⋅cosy=sin(x+y)+sin(x−y)
(
14
)
2
cos
x
⋅
sin
y
=
sin
(
x
+
y
)
−
sin
(
x
−
y
)
(14)\quad 2\cos x \cdot \sin y = \sin(x+y)-\sin(x-y)
(14)2cosx⋅siny=sin(x+y)−sin(x−y)
(
15
)
2
cos
x
⋅
cos
y
=
cos
(
x
+
y
)
+
cos
(
x
−
y
)
(15)\quad 2\cos x \cdot \cos y = \cos(x+y)+\cos(x-y)
(15)2cosx⋅cosy=cos(x+y)+cos(x−y)
(
16
)
2
sin
x
⋅
sin
y
=
−
cos
(
x
+
y
)
+
cos
(
x
−
y
)
(16)\quad 2\sin x \cdot \sin y = -\cos(x+y)+\cos(x-y)
(16)2sinx⋅siny=−cos(x+y)+cos(x−y)
(
17
)
sin
x
+
sin
y
=
2
sin
(
x
+
y
2
)
cos
(
x
−
y
2
)
(17)\quad \sin x + \sin y =2\sin(\frac {x+y}2) \cos(\frac {x-y}2)
(17)sinx+siny=2sin(2x+y)cos(2x−y)
(
18
)
sin
x
−
sin
y
=
2
cos
(
x
+
y
2
)
sin
(
x
−
y
2
)
(18)\quad \sin x - \sin y =2\cos(\frac {x+y}2) \sin(\frac {x-y}2)
(18)sinx−siny=2cos(2x+y)sin(2x−y)
(
19
)
cos
x
+
cos
y
=
2
cos
(
x
+
y
2
)
cos
(
x
−
y
2
)
(19)\quad \cos x + \cos y =2\cos(\frac {x+y}2) \cos(\frac {x-y}2)
(19)cosx+cosy=2cos(2x+y)cos(2x−y)
(
20
)
cos
x
−
cos
y
=
−
2
sin
(
x
+
y
2
)
sin
(
x
−
y
2
)
(20)\quad \cos x - \cos y =-2\sin(\frac {x+y}2) \sin(\frac {x-y}2)
(20)cosx−cosy=−2sin(2x+y)sin(2x−y)
(
21
)
tan
x
=
sin
x
cos
x
(21)\quad \tan x = \frac {\sin x}{\cos x}
(21)tanx=cosxsinx
三、极限的等价无穷小替换(当x->0时)
(
1
)
x
∼
sin
x
∼
tan
x
∼
arcsin
x
∼
arctan
x
∼
l
n
(
1
+
x
)
∼
e
x
−
1
(1)\quad x \sim \sin x \sim \tan x \sim \arcsin x \sim \arctan x \sim ln(1+x) \sim e^x - 1
(1)x∼sinx∼tanx∼arcsinx∼arctanx∼ln(1+x)∼ex−1
(
2
)
1
−
cos
x
∼
1
2
x
2
(2)\quad 1 - \cos x \sim \frac 12x^2
(2)1−cosx∼21x2
(
3
)
a
x
−
1
∼
x
l
n
a
(
a
>
0
,
a
≠
1
)
(3)\quad a^x - 1 \sim xlna(a>0,a \neq 1)
(3)ax−1∼xlna(a>0,a=1)
(
4
)
(
1
+
x
)
a
−
1
∼
a
x
(
a
≠
0
)
(4)\quad (1+x)^a - 1 \sim ax (a \neq 0)
(4)(1+x)a−1∼ax(a=0)
四、两个重要极限
(
1
)
lim
x
→
0
sin
x
x
=
1
(1)\quad \lim_{x\to 0} \frac {\sin x}x = 1
(1)limx→0xsinx=1
(
2
)
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
=
e
(2)\quad \lim_{x\to \infty}(1 + \frac 1x)^x = e
(2)limx→∞(1+x1)x=e （注意括号内必须是“+”）
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