NLP炼丹技巧：标签平滑label smoothing

label Smoothing

解决什么问题

在使用cross-entropy 时，会使得模型向预测正负标签差值无限大的方向学习；但过大的logit差值会使得模型缺乏适应性。实际上有些标注数据不一定准确，在训练数据不足的情况下，影响更大。可以用labelsmoothing做缓解处理。

实现1- torch.nn.functional.cross_entropy

pytorch官方文档

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

构造示例数据

logits = torch.randn(3, 5, requires_grad=True) # 3个样本，标签数量为5
labels = torch.randint(5, (3,), dtype=torch.int64)
print(logits)
print(labels)
loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, labels)
print(loss)

打印结果：

tensor([[ 1.2215, -0.9342, -0.1349, -0.5035,  0.4492],
        [-0.1989,  0.2589,  2.1556, -0.5734,  0.8668],
        [ 0.1215,  0.5060,  0.5376, -1.7609, -0.6566]], requires_grad=True)
tensor([2, 3, 2])
tensor(2.1185, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)

验证：CEloss的计算 等价于 NLL_loss(log_softmax(pred), labels)

print(F.nll_loss(F.log_softmax(logits), labels)) # tensor(2.1185, grad_fn=<NllLossBackward0>)

入参中有label_smoothing

F.cross_entropy(logits, labels, label_smoothing=0.1)

结果：

tensor(2.1038, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)

实现2- huggingface transformers

阅读huggingface transformers中的相关源码，在trainer中计算loss时，采用loss = self.label_smoother(outputs, labels), 具体分析其实现。

# from huggingface transformers/trainer_pt_utils.py
class LabelSmoother:
    """
    Adds label-smoothing on a pre-computed output from a Transformers model.

    Args:
        epsilon (`float`, *optional*, defaults to 0.1):
            The label smoothing factor.
        ignore_index (`int`, *optional*, defaults to -100):
            The index in the labels to ignore when computing the loss.
    """

    epsilon: float = 0.1
    ignore_index: int = -100

    def __call__(self, model_output, labels):
        logits = model_output["logits"] if isinstance(model_output, dict) else model_output[0]
        log_probs = -nn.functional.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1)
        if labels.dim() == log_probs.dim() - 1:
            labels = labels.unsqueeze(-1)

        padding_mask = labels.eq(self.ignore_index)
        # In case the ignore_index is -100, the gather will fail, so we replace labels by 0. The padding_mask
        # will ignore them in any case.
        labels = torch.clamp(labels, min=0)
        nll_loss = log_probs.gather(dim=-1, index=labels)
        # works for fp16 input tensor too, by internally upcasting it to fp32
        smoothed_loss = log_probs.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True, dtype=torch.float32)

        nll_loss.masked_fill_(padding_mask, 0.0)
        smoothed_loss.masked_fill_(padding_mask, 0.0)

        # Take the mean over the label dimensions, then divide by the number of active elements (i.e. not-padded):
        num_active_elements = padding_mask.numel() - padding_mask.long().sum()
        nll_loss = nll_loss.sum() / num_active_elements
        smoothed_loss = smoothed_loss.sum() / (num_active_elements * log_probs.shape[-1])
        return (1 - self.epsilon) * nll_loss + self.epsilon * smoothed_loss

计算logits的log_softmax

log_probs = -F.log_softmax(logits, dim=-1)
if labels.dim() == log_probs.dim() - 1:
    labels = labels.unsqueeze(-1)
print(log_probs)
print(labels)

结果为：

tensor([[0.6999, 2.8556, 2.0563, 2.4249, 1.4721],
        [2.8157, 2.3578, 0.4612, 3.1901, 1.7499],
        [1.5253, 1.1407, 1.1092, 3.4077, 2.3033]], grad_fn=<NegBackward0>)
tensor([[2],
        [3],
        [2]])

确定有效的样本的数

padding_mask = labels.eq(-100)
labels = torch.clamp(labels, min=0)
print(padding_mask)
print(labels)

tensor([[False],
        [False],
        [False]])
tensor([[2],
        [3],
        [2]])

nll_loss

# gather用来按索引取值 https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.gather.html#torch.gather
nll_loss = log_probs.gather(dim=-1, index=labels)  # 取
print(nll_loss)

tensor([[2.0563],
        [3.1901],
        [1.1092]], grad_fn=<GatherBackward0>)

smoothed_loss

$$smoothed\_loss=\frac{sum(log\_probs)}{样本数\ast 标签数}$$

# 对某一样本预测所有类别的logit求和
smoothed_loss = log_probs.sum(dim=-1, keepdim=True, dtype=torch.float32)
print(smoothed_loss)

tensor([[ 9.5088],
        [10.5747],
        [ 9.4863]], grad_fn=<SumBackward1>)

汇总

# 有几个样本是需要算loss的
num_active_elements = padding_mask.numel() - padding_mask.long().sum()
print(num_active_elements)  # tensor(3)

nll_loss = nll_loss.sum() / num_active_elements
print(nll_loss)  # tensor(2.1185, grad_fn=<DivBackward0>)

smoothed_loss = smoothed_loss.sum() / (num_active_elements * log_probs.shape[-1])
print(smoothed_loss) # tensor(1.9713, grad_fn=<DivBackward0>)

# 可理解为：loss为对"预测的分布与真实分布"及"预测分布与先验分布（均匀分布）"的惩罚。
print((1 - 0.1) * nll_loss + 0.1 * smoothed_loss) # tensor(2.1038, grad_fn=<AddBackward0>)

最终结果和直接使用 cross_entropy 中的label_smoothing一致。

实现3- 修改labels值

$$y_k^{LS}=y_k(1-\alpha )+\alpha /K$$
K为标签数， alpha为上述实现中的epsilon

假设样本标签为2: [0,0,1,0,0]即将变为[0.02, 0.02, 0.92, 0.02, 0.02]

print(labels)

labels_onehot = torch.zeros(3, 5).scatter_(1, labels.unsqueeze(-1), 1)
print(labels_onehot)

labels_smoothed = labels_onehot*(1-0.1) + 0.1/labels_onehot.shape[-1]
print(labels_smoothed)

print(F.cross_entropy(logits, labels_smoothed))

tensor([2, 3, 2])
tensor([[0., 0., 1., 0., 0.],
        [0., 0., 0., 1., 0.],
        [0., 0., 1., 0., 0.]])
tensor([[0.0200, 0.0200, 0.9200, 0.0200, 0.0200],
        [0.0200, 0.0200, 0.0200, 0.9200, 0.0200],
        [0.0200, 0.0200, 0.9200, 0.0200, 0.0200]])
tensor(2.1038, grad_fn=<DivBackward1>)