第十三章 Matplotlib库

第十三章 Matplotlib库

数据可视化是数据分析的一个重要工具，掌声有请Matplotlib

13.0 环境配置

【1】 要不要plt.show()

• ipython中可用魔术方法 %matplotlib inline

• pycharm 中必须使用plt.show()

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.use("seaborn-whitegrid")  # 设置下面都是用这种风格

x = [1, 2, 3, 4]
y = [1, 4, 9, 16]
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.ylabel("squares")
# plt.show()   

Text(0, 0.5, 'squares')

【2】设置样式

plt.style.available[:5]  # 查看可以使用的风格

['bmh', 'classic', 'dark_background', 'fast', 'fivethirtyeight']

with plt.style.context("seaborn-white"):  # with代码块中使用这个风格
    plt.plot(x, y)

【3】将图像保存为文件

import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(0, 10 ,100)
plt.plot(x, np.exp(x))
plt.savefig("my_figure.png")

13.1 Matplotlib库

13.1.1 折线图

%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.style.use("seaborn-whitegrid")
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)  # 0-2Π中间100个数
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x18846169780>]

• 绘制多条曲线

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.cos(x))
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))

[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x1884615f9e8>]

【1】调整线条颜色和风格

• 调整线条颜色

offsets = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 5)
colors = ["blue", "g", "r", "yellow", "pink"]
for offset, color in zip(offsets, colors):
    plt.plot(x, np.sin(x-offset), color=color)         # color可缩写为c

• 调整线条风格

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(8))
linestyles = ["solid", "dashed", "dashdot", "dotted", "-", "--", "-.", ":"]
for offset, linestyle in zip(offsets, linestyles):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, linestyle=linestyle)        # linestyle可简写为ls

• 调整线宽

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(0, 12, 3))
linewidths = (i*2 for i in range(1,5))
for offset, linewidth in zip(offsets, linewidths):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, linewidth=linewidth)                 # linewidth可简写为lw

• 调整数据点标记

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(0, 12, 3))
markers = ["*", "+", "o", "s"]
for offset, marker in zip(offsets, markers):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, marker=marker)   

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(0, 12, 3))
markers = ["*", "+", "o", "s"]
for offset, marker in zip(offsets, markers):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, marker=marker, markersize=10)      # markersize可简写为ms

• 颜色跟风格设置的简写

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(0, 8, 2))
color_linestyles = ["g-", "b--", "k-.", "r:"]
for offset, color_linestyle in zip(offsets, color_linestyles):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, color_linestyle)

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 11)
offsets = list(range(0, 8, 2))
color_marker_linestyles = ["g*-", "b+--", "ko-.", "rs:"]
for offset, color_marker_linestyle in zip(offsets, color_marker_linestyles):
    plt.plot(x, x+offset, color_marker_linestyle)

其他用法及颜色缩写、数据点标记缩写等请查看官方文档，如下：

https://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.plot.html#matplotlib.pyplot.plot

【2】调整坐标轴

• xlim, ylim

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.xlim(-1, 7)  # 坐标轴最大最小值范围
plt.ylim(-1.5, 1.5)

(-1.5, 1.5)

• axis

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.axis([-2, 8, -2, 2])  # 同时设置x轴和y轴，前两个是x轴，后两个是y轴

[-2, 8, -2, 2]

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.axis("tight")  # 还可以设置图像的风格---紧致

(0.0, 6.283185307179586, -0.9998741276738751, 0.9998741276738751)

x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.sin(x))
plt.axis("equal")  # 扁平

(0.0, 7.0, -1.0, 1.0)

?plt.axis

• 对数坐标

x = np.logspace(0, 5, 100)
plt.plot(x, np.log(x))
plt.xscale("log")

• 调整坐标轴刻度

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 12, step=1))  # 直接设置坐标轴的刻度

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
plt.plot(x, x**2)
plt.xticks(np.arange(0, 12, step=1), fontsize=15)
plt.yticks(np.arange(0, 110, step=10))

• 调整刻度样式

x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
plt.plot(x, x**2