C#编程之C#基础（六）

      语句是构造所有 C# 程序的过程构造块。英文分号（;）标志着一条语句的结束。由大括号{}括起来的一系列语句构成代码块。方法体是代码块的一个示例。

      简单的语句如

int i = 1; string s = "Hello world.";

      复杂的语句都是由简单语句构成。语句是程序指令，除非特别声明，语句都按顺序执行。C#具有以下类别的语句：

• 选择语句 （关键字：if,else,switch,case)

int val = 9; if(val > 0) { return true; } else { return false; } switch(val) { case 9: //Do sth. here... break; default: //Do sth. here... break; }

• 迭代语句  （关键字：do,for,foreach,in,while）

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { //The code will go 10 times here. } while(condition) { //Keep repeating here until condition equals false. } do { //The code will go at least 1 time here and keep //repeating until condition equals false. } while(condition)

• 跳转语句  （关键字：break,continue,default,goto,return,yield）

for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if(i < 3) { continue; //passes control to the next iteration of the enclosing iteration statement in which it appears. Console.WriteLine(i); } if(i == 6) { Console.WriteLine(i); break; //Skip out of the loop. } Console.WriteLine(i); } /* output: * 4 * 5 */ for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { switch(i) { case 0: Console.WriteLine(i + " from case 0."); break; case 1: Console.WriteLine(i + " from case 1."); continue; case 2: Console.WriteLine(i + " from case 2."); goto case 0; case 4: case 5: Console.WriteLine(i + " from case 5."); break; default: Console.WriteLine(i + " from default case."); break; } } /* output * 0 from case 0. * 1 from case 1. * 2 from case 2. * 2 from case 0. * 3 from default case. * 4 from case 5. * 5 from case 5. * 6 from default case. * 7 from default case. * 8 from default case. * 9 from default case. */ int i = 10; while( i > 0) { if( i == 9) { i--; continue; } if( i == 6) { break; } Console.WriteLine(i); i--; } /* output * 10 * 8 * 7 */

• 异常处理语句  （关键字：throw,try-catch,try-finally,try-catch-finally）

try { throw new ExceptionType(MessageParameter); } catch(ExceptionType ex) { //Do sth. here. } try { //If an exception occurs,it will be catched by catch statement. } catch [(ValidException ex)] { //Do sth. here. } [ catch [(ElseException ex)] { } ] finally { //Used to ensure the implementation of the code block, and unrelated to the front of the try block exit ways. }

• 检查与非检查语句  （关键字：checked,unchecked）

// statements_checked.cs using System; class OverFlowTest { static short x = 32767; // Max short value static short y = 32767; // Using a checked expression static int CheckedMethod() { int z = 0; try { z = checked((short)(x + y)); } catch (System.OverflowException e) { Console.WriteLine(e.ToString()); } return z; } static void Main() { Console.WriteLine("Checked output value is: {0}", CheckedMethod()); } } /* output * System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow. * at OverFlowTest.CheckedMethod() * Checked output value is: 0 */

// statements_unchecked.cs using System; class TestClass { const int x = 2147483647; // Max int const int y = 2; static void Main() { int z; unchecked { z = x * y; } Console.WriteLine("Unchecked output value: {0}", z); } } /* output * Unchecked output value: -2 */

• 固定  （关键字：fixed）

// statements_fixed.cs // compile with: /unsafe using System; class Point { public int x, y; } class FixedTest { // Unsafe method: takes a pointer to an int. unsafe static void SquarePtrParam (int* p) { *p *= *p; } unsafe static void Main() { Point pt = new Point(); pt.x = 5; pt.y = 6; // Pin pt in place: fixed (int* p = &pt.x) { SquarePtrParam (p); } // pt now unpinned Console.WriteLine ("{0} {1}", pt.x, pt.y); } } /* output * 25 6 */

• 锁定  （关键字：lock）

Object thisLock = new Object(); lock (thisLock) { // Critical code section }

 

      语句通常都包含表达式。表达式是可以计算且结果为单个值、对象、方法或命名空间的代码片段。表达式可以包含文本值、方法调用、运算符及其操作数，或简单名称。简单名称可以是变量、类型成员、方法参数、命名空间或类型的名称。

      表达式可以使用运算符，而运算符又可以将其他表达式用作参数，或者使用方法调用，而方法调用的参数又可以是其他方法调用，因此表达式既可以非常简单，也可以非常复杂。