sleep()和nanosleep()都是使进程睡眠一段时间后被唤醒,但是二者的实现完全不同。
Linux中并没有提供系统调用sleep(),sleep()是在库函数中实现的,它是通过调用alarm()来设定报警时间,调用sigsuspend()将进程挂起在信号SIGALARM上,sleep()只能精确到秒级上。
nanosleep()则是Linux中的系统调用,它是使用定时器来实现的,该调用使调用进程睡眠,并往定时器队列上加入一个timer_list型定时器,time_list结构里包括唤醒时间以及唤醒后执行的函数,通过nanosleep()加入的定时器的执行函数仅仅完成唤醒当前进程的功能。系统通过一定的机制定时检查这些队列(比如通过系统调用陷入核心后,从核心返回用户态前,要检查当前进程的时间片是否已经耗尽,如果是则调用schedule()函数重新调度,该函数中就会检查定时器队列,另外慢中断返回前也会做此检查),如果定时时间已超过,则执行定时器指定的函数唤醒调用进程。当然,由于系统时间片可能丢失,所以nanosleep()精度也不是很高。
alarm()也是通过定时器实现的,但是其精度只精确到秒级,另外,它设置的定时器执行函数是在指定时间向当前进程发送SIGALRM信号。
2、使用信号量SIGALRM + alarm()
alarm方式虽然很好,但这种方式的精度能达到1秒,是无法低于1秒的精度。
man alarm
测试代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
void sigalrm_fn(int sig)
{
printf("alarm!\n");
alarm(2);
return;
}
int main(void)
{
signal(SIGALRM,sigalrm_fn);
alarm(2);
while(1)
pause();
}
3、setitimer
setitmer 和 alarm 共用同一个信号 SIGALRM ,setitmer 精度能达到us级
man setitimer
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
int count = 0;
void set_timer()
{
struct itimerval itv, oldtv;
itv.it_interval.tv_sec = 5;
itv.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
itv.it_value.tv_sec = 5;
itv.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &itv, &oldtv);
}
void sigalrm_handler(int sig)
{
count++;
printf("timer signal.. %d\n", count);
}
int main()
{
signal(SIGALRM, sigalrm_handler);
set_timer();
while (count < 1000)
{}
exit(0);
}
4、使用RTC机制
man rtc
RTC机制利用系统硬件提供的Real Time Clock机制,通过读取RTC硬件/dev/rtc,通过ioctl()设置RTC频率,代码如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/rtc.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
unsigned long i = 0;
unsigned long data = 0;
int retval = 0;
int fd = open ("/dev/rtc", O_RDONLY);
if(fd < 0)
{
perror("open");
exit(errno);
}
/*Set the freq as 4Hz*/
if(ioctl(fd, RTC_IRQP_SET, 4) < 0)
{
perror("ioctl(RTC_IRQP_SET)");
close(fd);
exit(errno);
}
/* Enable periodic interrupts */
if(ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_ON, 0) < 0)
{
perror("ioctl(RTC_PIE_ON)");
close(fd);
exit(errno);
}
for(i = 0; i < 100; i++)
{
if(read(fd, &data, sizeof(unsigned long)) < 0)
{
perror("read");
close(fd);
exit(errno);
}
//printf("data %d\n", data);
printf("timer\n");
}
/* Disable periodic interrupts */
ioctl(fd, RTC_PIE_OFF, 0);
close(fd);
return 0;
}
rtc 定时器阻塞
5、使用select()
man select
能精确到1us.通过使用select(),来设置定时器;原理利用select()方法的第5个参数,第一个参数设置为0,三个文件描述符集都设置为NULL,第5个参数为时间结构体,代码如下:
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/*seconds: the seconds; mseconds: the micro seconds*/
void setTimer(int seconds, int mseconds)
{
struct timeval temp;
temp.tv_sec = seconds;
temp.tv_usec = mseconds * 1000;
select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &temp);
printf("timer\n");
return ;
}
int main()
{
int i;
for(i = 0 ; i < 100; i++)
setTimer(1, 0);
return 0;
}
select 是阻塞的
6、POSIX timer_create
man timer_create
1)采用新线程派驻的方式 (注: 编译时 需加上 -lrt)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <error.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
void timer_thread(union sigval v)
{
printf("timer_thread function! %d\n", v.sival_int);
}
int init_timer(timer_t *timerid, struct sigevent *evp, struct itimerspec *it)
{
if ( !evp || !it )
return -1;
memset(evp, 0, sizeof(struct sigevent)); //清零初始化
evp->sigev_value.sival_int = 111; //也是标识定时器的,这和timerid有什么区别?回调函数可以获得
evp->sigev_notify = SIGEV_THREAD; //线程通知的方式,派驻新线程
evp->sigev_notify_function = timer_thread; //线程函数地址
if (timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, evp, timerid) == -1)
{
perror("fail to timer_create");
return -1;;
}
printf("timer_create timerid = %d\n", *timerid);
it->it_interval.tv_sec = 1; // 后续按照该时间间隔
it->it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
it->it_value.tv_sec = 3; // 最初开始时间间隔
it->it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
return 0;
}
int start_timer(timer_t *timerid, struct itimerspec *it)
{
if (it == NULL){
return -1;
}
if (timer_settime(*timerid, 0, it, NULL) == -1)
{
perror("fail to timer_settime");
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
void thread_func(void *param)
{
int *a = (int *)param;
while(1){
sleep(1);
printf("This is thread..\n");
}
*a = 100;
printf("param = %d\n", *a);
}
int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
pid_t pid = 0;
pthread_t thread;
timer_t timerid = 0;
int ret;
struct sigevent evp;
struct itimerspec it;
int a = 10;
#if 0
int ret = init_timer(&timerid, &evp, &it);
if (ret < 0){
printf("init_timer failed\n");
return -1;
}
#endif
if ((pid = fork()) < 0)
{
printf("fork failed.\n");
return -1;
}
else if ( pid == 0){
printf("child proc..\n");
ret = pthread_create(&thread, NULL, thread_func, &a);
int ret = init_timer(&timerid, &evp, &it);
if (ret < 0){
printf("init_timer failed\n");
return -1;
}
sleep(2);
printf("child timer_Id addr = %d\n", timerid);
start_timer(&timerid, &it);
sleep(10);
exit(0);
}
else{
printf("I'm parent proc..\n");
printf("parent timer_Id addr = %d\n", timerid);
printf("pthread_id = %d\n", thread);
do {
ret = waitpid(pid, NULL, WNOHANG);
if (ret == 0){
printf("No child exit\n");
sleep(2);
}
else if (ret == pid){
printf("Successly get child %d\n", pid);
}
else
printf("something error\n");
}while(ret == 0);
/*ret = waitpid(pid, NULL, 0);*/
/*if (ret == pid)*/
/*printf("successly get child %d\n", pid);*/
}
pause();
return 0;
}
2) 采用通知方式为信号(signal)的处理方式
#include<stdio.h>
#include<signal.h>
#include<time.h>
#include<string.h>
void handle()
{
time_t t;
char p[32];
time(&t);
strftime(p, sizeof(p), "%T", localtime(&t));
printf("time is %s\n", p);
}
int main()
{
struct sigevent evp;
struct itimerspec ts;
timer_t timer;
int ret;
memset(&evp, 0, sizeof(struct sigevent));
evp.sigev_value.sival_ptr = &timer;
evp.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
evp.sigev_signo = SIGUSR1;
signal(SIGUSR1, handle);
ret = timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, &evp, &timer);
if( ret )
perror("timer_create");
ts.it_interval.tv_sec = 1;
ts.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
ts.it_value.tv_sec = 3;
ts.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
ret = timer_settime(timer, 0, &ts, NULL);
if( ret )
perror("timer_settime");
while(1);
}
3) 信号为signaction处理函数 :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define CLOCKID CLOCK_REALTIME
void sig_handler(int signo)
{
printf("timer_signal function! %d\n", signo);
}
int main()
{
//XXX int sigaction(int signum, const struct sigaction *act, struct sigaction *oldact);
// signum--指定的信号编号,可以指定SIGKILL和SIGSTOP以外的所有信号编号
// act结构体--设置信号编号为signum的处理方式
// oldact结构体--保存上次的处理方式
//
// struct sigaction
// {
// void (*sa_handler)(int); //信号响应函数地址
// void (*sa_sigaction)(int, siginfo_t *, void *); //但sa_flags为SA——SIGINFO时才使用
// sigset_t sa_mask; //说明一个信号集在调用捕捉函数之前,会加入进程的屏蔽中,当捕捉函数返回时,还原
// int sa_flags;
// void (*sa_restorer)(void); //未用
// };
//
timer_t timerid;
struct sigevent evp;
struct sigaction act;
memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
act.sa_handler = sig_handler;
act.sa_flags = 0;
// XXX int sigaddset(sigset_t *set, int signum); //将signum指定的信号加入set信号集
// XXX int sigemptyset(sigset_t *set); //初始化信号集
sigemptyset(&act.sa_mask);
if (sigaction(SIGUSR1, &act, NULL) == -1)
{
perror("fail to sigaction");
exit(-1);
}
memset(&evp, 0, sizeof(struct sigevent));
evp.sigev_signo = SIGUSR1;
evp.sigev_notify = SIGEV_SIGNAL;
if (timer_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, &evp, &timerid) == -1)
{
perror("fail to timer_create");
exit(-1);
}
struct itimerspec it;
it.it_interval.tv_sec = 2;
it.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
it.it_value.tv_sec = 1;
it.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
if (timer_settime(timerid, 0, &it, 0) == -1)
{
perror("fail to timer_settime");
exit(-1);
}
while(1)
pause();
return 0;
}
参考网址 LInux下几种定时器的比较和使用
参考网址 linux定时器的实现方法
参考网址: Linux内核时钟系统和定时器实现